Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Wellbeing and Social Care Essay P2: Describe the Origins of Public Health Policy in the UK from the nineteenth Century to the Present Day. 1837-The law began enlisting births, relationships and passings and started to see contrasts in regions. This was a direct result of maladies going round and numerous individuals were passing on. They needed to make sense of where about the ailments were generally normal. 1848-The Liberal government brought the Public Health Act into law. 1849-Unfortunately, a monstrous measure of 10,000 individuals kicked the bucket from the malady cholera. 1853-Vaccination for smallpox was made necessary and begun by Edward Jenner; this was on the grounds that a lot of individuals were getting sick and kicking the bucket from it. 1870-The legislature constrained neighborhood specialists to teach individuals about sicknesses, with the goal that they at that point knew and could find out about them and help to forestall any more. 1875-Public Health Act constrained neighborhood specialists to give clean water, have appropriate seepage and name clinical workplaces for every zone. This was to improve destructive maladies and ailments which were proceeding to hurt individuals. 1906-In this year free school dinners law came to fruition. 1907-Medical school assessments for youngsters were presented. 1918-The British Prime Minister Lloyd George guaranteed officers getting back from the war, ‘Homes fit for Heroes’. It was significant for individuals to have a decent home condition. 1921-The neighborhood specialists were required to set up TB centers. 1934-The legislature passed the free school milk act and neighborhood chambers were urged to give poor kids free school dinners. This was on the grounds that they were lamentable and were not getting the right measure of food and drink and it could have influenced their wellbeing. 1942-Sir William Beveridge distributed a report on the most ideal method of helping individuals on low salary. 1944-Clement Attlee made the NHS dependent on the proposition of the Beveridge Report white paper distributed. 1948-On the fifth July the new NHS was propelled. 1970-Margret Thatcher turned into the new Secretary of State and requested cuts on four primary zones: further instruction expenses, library book getting charges, school feast charges and free school milk. 1980-Black Report came to fruition, talking about disparities in wellbeing between the rich and poor. It expected to decrease kid destitution, reintroducing free schools suppers and milk, improving lodging, business, schools and the sky is the limit from there. 1998-Acheson Report, Acheson was approached to audit disparities in England and recognize need ones for the improvement of wellbeing. 1999-â€Å"Saving Lives Our Healthier Nation† this was what the Labor government discharged as a wellbeing system. P1: Describe key parts of general wellbeing techniques. There are numerous techniques that have been utilized and have had a positive and a negative result when given a shot in urban communities. Initially, observing the wellbeing status of the populace, this is the place following changes and making individuals aware of potential issues would occur. A model for this would be ‘Census’ this where like clockwork since 1801 the country picks one day to do the evaluation overview. In the study it comprises tallying all individuals and family units. Generally speaking it’s the most complete data source that the populace that the country has. The latest enumeration overview was hung on the Sunday 27 March 2011. Distinguishing the wellbeing needs of the populace is a system that can and has been utilized inside the populace. In this procedure we are recognizing ramifications of patterns and examples to administrations. A genuine model is in schools or any sort of teaching/examining places or simply broad talks where individuals are being educated about diabetes, better slimming down and work out. This would help people groups wellbeing increment more by having the information about this. Moreover, another technique that has been utilized around the populace is to create programs which would then attempt to lessen dangers and screen for illnesses. Doing this would diminish sick wellbeing by taking a gander at and distinguishing individuals that are in danger and afterward advancing wellbeing. A long time passed by the populace have attempted this procedure; for instance, doing disease research, commercial projects to tell individuals and smear tests. Controlling transferable malady, this is the place projects and plans are made and drawn out that are vaccination programs which are there to diminish the effect of sicknesses. The country for a long time and are proceeding on doing likewise have TB infusions. This is a case of controlling the transferable sickness. These infusions are there to safe human bodies to ailment and ailment which is called Tuberculosis. Moreover, another methodology with regards to general wellbeing is advancing the soundness of the populace. Numerous organizations and gatherings of individuals have investigated attempting to achieve this. By doing this they have been elevating wellbeing exercises to improve their wellbeing and their wellness. A great deal of the projects are essentially attempting to draw in individuals so they comprehend they have to improve their wellbeing so they don’t turn corpulence and by and large just also improve and increment their wellness level. Arranging and assessing wellbeing and social consideration arrangement this is the place the country is getting to and affecting of wellbeing administrations. In each city there should be wellbeing administrations to help anybody that is out of luck. One of the administrations that are in numerous urban areas is the contraception administration. These are organizations that offer tips and guidance to youngsters that are explicitly dynamic. They likewise hand out free condoms so little youngsters don’t get pregnant when they are not prepared and don’t need as well. At last, target setting, this is the place targets are good to go to diminish illness and to improve wellbeing. For instance, pregnancy is where the country needs to diminish what number of little youngsters get pregnant. To diminish this contraception is available in each store, pharmacy’s etc†¦ furthermore, there are organizations that part with free contraception to decrease high school pregnancy. In addition to the fact that contraception helps forestall pregnancy forestalls individuals coming down with explicitly transmitted maladies like HIV, Chlamydia and syphilis. M1: analyze chronicled and current highlights of general wellbeing. Things that happened years back have all changed to these days; either by a couple of changes yet at the same time fundamentally the same as or drastically changed in a positive manner. Right off the bat, access to clinical consideration. Quite a while back clinical consideration in the nineteenth century was not awesome. The emergency clinics were exceptionally fundamental, numerous beds in an enormous room (ward) there were once in a while draperies around the beds for protection on the grounds that in those days garments were short and additional material would be made into dress. Additionally, they might not have been extremely spotless, they were clean to work in however for individuals that were sick they may of made that individual all the more inadequately. Facilities were comparable; they had the essential bed to check patients on and the modest quantity of prescriptions. Not all the time did they have the right reasonable drug for patients. So a few patients may have needed to languish over longer than what they ought to off on the grounds that it was difficult to get medicine that was going to fix what the patients had. They had specialists yet relatively few; there would most likely be one in every territory. For them it would be difficult work in such a case that several individuals turned out to be sick they would need to attempt to fix and help every one of them as quickly as time permits before anything spread to other people or on the off chance that it turned out to be more terrible. These days, everything has improved since the nineteenth century. Emergency clinics are amazingly enormous with a large number of beds and numerous medical attendants and Doctors that are there to help and improve individuals. The beds and wards are considerably more propelled now; each bed is a clinical bed than can be balanced electrically. There are additionally window ornaments and clean sheets on each bed and gets changed more ordinary than what it would of years back. A great many pounds have been spent on apparatus in the emergency clinics that help forestall patients getting more sick than what they are. For example Ventilators they assist individuals with breathing in the event that they are not skilled to do so themselves while there body is patching itself. Centers that we have in the days have improved throughout the years. On the off chance that anybody has a difficult they can stroll in to a center or make an arrangement at the Doctors/Pharmacy to be looked at. Frequently, individuals that need prescription are recommended for their drugs and can get it straight away. Or then again if not straight away, inside in the following day or thereabouts on the off chance that it is should have been requested in. There are a lot more Doctors in every region, so it is simpler for individuals to be seen to when they have an issue or not feeling well overall. This is acceptable in such a case that there was a sickness going round and many individuals were getting it, the Doctors could help forestall others getting it by requesting that they come in and be insusceptible with medication so they don't turn out to be sick. Lodging in the nineteenth century was incredibly poor. In March 1840, the legislature were so worried about sanitation and day to day environments that they set up a Parliamentary Health Select Committee to cover Health of Towns. Its discoveries uncovered the size of congestion; this was causing outrageous foulness and illnesses that came about up in an across the board demise. There would be a lot of houses most likely in a gathering of 10 that were in a square, ordinarily with a down steps and upstairs. For white collar class individuals families would be living in 1 room together or in the event that they had enough cash and they were fortunate they would get half of a house. All the houses would share the toilets which were outside the structures. This caused a great deal of illness on account of all the common misuse of others that others must be near and needed to utilize the can after when they wasn’t clean by any stretch of the imagination. Individuals would turn out to be extremely sick and afterward it would spread to others which caused a lot of individuals in a region to have a genuine sickness which most presumably would prompt passing. Nowadays, lodging has progressively changed. They are a lot of cleaner and individuals own t

What explains the demise of the Bretton Woods system Essay

What clarifies the end of the Bretton Woods framework - Essay Example The joint endeavor realized a framework wherein nations having issues in equalization of installments can settle it as a result of one of the element of fixed trade rates in the understanding. This has laid to a financial reproduction in Europe for an exceptionally long decade which thusly offered ascend to industrialist extension, which has not been seen till date. This gave an additional lift to the worldwide economy where for the most part in the industrialist nations, the way of life of the common laborers has improved to a high degree. (Bordo and Eichengreen, 1993). In the time of post World War 1, larger part of the nations tended to return to the past circumstance of budgetary solidness and security as it won before such wars were held. The old best quality level were again liked and each nation attempted to slant towards it and by 1926 all the main economies again settled the framework and in like manner the coursing cash of each country must be equipped by gold stores and ou tside monetary standards to a colossal degree. Be that as it may, while actualizing the gold a few stages were embraced erroneously because of which the monetary and money related relations fallen prompting the Great Depression in 1929. So as to decrease the shortfall in installment balance by collapsing its cash each and every nation gave a lift to its fare item to build its intensity in profitability. This thought fell set up and was running effectively till the nations kept emptying their monetary standards. This over laid marvel denoted a worldwide flattening rivalry which prompted joblessness among masses, endeavors were wiped out of chapter 11, many credit foundations fizzled and furthermore hyper swelling was noted to happen in different nations concerned. (Kenen, 1994; Moggridge, 1980). Because of this wonder of Great Depression, a few meetings who were managing the world money related issues wound up in disappointment in the time of 1930s. In any case, each nation tended fo r a balancing out framework that corrected slip-ups which got one of the apparent wonders. After this, few plans were made so as to assemble a creative money related framework and a foundation that will administer a wide range of activities and budgetary risks. During the war time conditions, the entirety of the underlying exchanges occurred. (Kenen, 1994; Moggridge, 1980). In Bretton Woods, New Hampshire (USA), a worldwide gathering occurred in 1944. This gathering was gone to by 44 nations to rebuild the global money and cash connections. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and The International Bank For Reconstruction And Development (IBRD/World Bank) was made by the members of this meeting . Likewise, they additionally acknowledged the reality of actualizing an arrangement of fixed conversion standard with the U.S dollar as the main cash. Harry Dexter White, the American Minister of State in the U.S treasury and the British Economist John Mayard Keynes were capable to build up the designs for the Bretton Woods framework. They additionally expressed that they need to build up a framework which would be satisfactory by all the countries. The thoughts of Harry Dexter and Keynes consistently happened to be fundamentally the same as one another. The White Plan supplements that a Bank for Reconstruction and an International Stabilization Fund ought to be set up. This was like what Keynes has depicted in his arrangement. Be that as it may, there was a little contrast which got reflected in Keynes plan was he needed to vest the IMF thoughts with conceivable outcomes to make cash and with the position to take activities on an extremely enormous scope. At whatever point there will be irregular characteristics in a critical position of installments both the sides, that is, both the indebted individuals and loan bosses must change their approaches. Nations that have their installments in overabundance should build their size of imports from the nations

HR Reality Check

HR Reality Check When you are in search of your first job, in addition to looking for a post that matches your qualification, you may have to choose between working for a startup and working for an established firm.The decision you make should be taken after careful consideration of the pros and cons of both work environments in terms of the kind of environment that suits your personality and preferences (such as core beliefs, job role and career goals). Before that, it is worthwhile to gain a basic understanding of the various stages of development in a business’s life cycle from startup to corporate. © Shutterstock.com | Alexander SupertrampThis article examines first 1) stages of a company in order to understand 2) what you can expect when working in a startup?STAGES OF A COMPANYJust as human beings develop from a baby to a teenager, a business too goes through a life cycle starting from the seed stage. Each stage is characterized by different challenges, priorities, operations and financing sources. For example, a business owner may have to devote a considerable amount of his time in the course of the business’s initial start-up period. As the company makes progress, he can start delegating responsibilities to others.The five key stages in a typical business life cycle are described below.  1. Seed Stage StartupAt this point, the business is only an idea, concept, thought or prototype. The business must pursue one key opportunity and work to gain market acceptance. In addition, it must concentrate on selection of a business ownership structure, business planning and locating professional advisors. Owing to being in a period of no certain market or customers, the business is forced to rely on family, friends, possibly angel investors, government grants, suppliers and customers for cash.2. Early-Stage Startup (venture capital backed)The business is now a living entity and a legal one too. The production of goods and services has begun and the company has its first customers. At this stage, the business must be careful not to deplete whatever little cash is available in hand. With respect to the area of focus, it is establishing a market presence and customer base in addition to preserving and tracking cash flow. The business is funded by its owner, family, friends, grants, suppliers and customers. Venture capital (VC) financing is another option. Venture capital is fiscal capital given to early stage, growth startup companies of high potential. The venture capital fund brings in money by holding equity in the companies invested in.3. Growth-Stage Startup (more than $10m in funding)Now, the business has grown from a baby to a child. Profits are strong and customers and revenues are increasing with the addition of opportunities and problems. Competition is beginning to rear its head. At this stage of its growth, the business has to handle the challenge of constant concerns, calling for more money and time. The company should be able to perform effective management, possibly come up with a fresh business plan and start delegating and training to pass this development stage with flying colors. Money is acquired through banks, partnerships, profits, leasing options and grants.4. SME (established stage)The business is prospering at this stage and has a position in the market along with faithful customers. There is more routine in the company’s working with manageable sales growth. It has to concentrate on the bigger picture so that all the laurels gained up to this stage are not depleted because of an unyielding competitive marketplace , changes in customer tastes, the economy or other factors. Survival at this stage would call for better business practices, outsourcing and automation to increase productivity. Investors, profits, banks and the government are key sources of money at this stage.5. Corporate (Expansion Stage)This stage is marked by a new phase of growth into new distribution channels and markets. SME owners typically prefer this stage to acquire a bigger market share and discover new channels for income and profits. The research and planning of the first two stages comes in handy here. Companies at this stage of the life cycle would do well to concentrate on businesses that match their current abilities and experience rather than risking disaster by venturing into unrelated businesses. They can either take their existing business to new markets or introduce new goods and services to existing markets. The key money sources at this stage are joint ventures, new investors, licensing, banks and partners.  WHAT TO EXPECT WHEN WORKING IN A STARTUP COMPARED TO A CORPORATE?Working in a start-up (seed stage, early stage, growth stage) is more fast-paced, fast- and ever-changing and on the whole, a place where there’s a lot of action and free communication in contrast to the slower-paced and more structured corporate environment. On the one hand, there’s more flexibility, opportunities, a steeper learning curve and better chances to create an impact here than that in a corporate setup (SME, corporate). At the same time, it comes with lower compensation and greater risk than that which can be expected in a more established work setup.The following points describe working in a startup in more detail and how it compares to working in a corporate:TransparencyStartups are typically more transparent than their corporate counterparts. Information that employees become aware of in startups include: company performance week to week, what made the company begin a new arm of business, changes i n business plan(s), how the company progresses and its reaction to competitors. In addition the leadership may reveal the triggers behind organizational decisions and provide insight into them rather than looking for blind obedience and possibly, even ask for feedback before executing them. Though startups don’t usually reveal salary information just as corporate companies don’t, Buffer co-founder Leo Widrich surprised many by making the salaries of Buffer’s employees and the formula behind them transparent to the world. RoleIf you work in a startup, you can expect to have to wear different hats, being required to carry out tasks you may consider outside of your job description. It is even possible that you may have to perform grunt work. On the other hand, working in a more established or corporate environment means you know exactly where you stand in the hierarchy. You’ll have a well-defined job role. Your work will remain within that job role. So, the startup offers the o pportunity for multitasking and gaining knowledge about other aspects of business besides your speciality. The varied roles make it suitable for those who dread monotony. In the corporate environment, one’s responsibilities are clear-cut and one can’t expect to be able to enter into or learn about other areas of work but then again, this is deal for people with specific career goals. ResponsibilityYou can expect more responsibility thrust on your shoulders if you’re working in a startup, when compared to a corporate. The teams in a startup are usually smaller than those in a corporate business and because of that, you may probably be the only person with the skill set or problem solving ability you have and probably no one else thinks in the same manner you do. Expect to have to pull your weight from the first day itself. However, because of the great degree of responsibility you get, your skills would develop faster than in a more established environment. You can also be happ y about the fact that you are contributing to something potentially major, right from the start. This doesn’t just have to be skills. You could be contributing to shaping the company’s products or even its goals, values and culture. You may get the opportunity to road test or improve on your ideas in actual scenarios.PressureWorking in a startup is far from easygoing and involves working under tight deadlines. You can expect considerable pressure, more pressure than what you’d find at other kinds of companies. If you don’t have the personality for it, you may feel overwhelmed by the pressure to hit metrics, acquire more traction, accomplish growth and results, and so on. The environment at a corporate company is comparatively more regimented. Exposure and MentorshipAs mentioned earlier, in a startup, there is greater exposure to the business side when compared to the corporate environment. There’s also plenty of exposure to the founders. However the management is busy and most probably, may be less experienced than you in a particular field. You’ll have to learn things on your own. In contrast, the opportunities for specialist training or mentorship are better in a more established or corporate business setting. There are specialists in each department and in addition to specialist knowledge, you have access to best practices. The management is better trained and experienced than those in smaller companies.Working HoursIn a startup, working hours are mostly long (12 hour workdays are common) and you may have to make personal sacrifices. In addition, you’ll have to respond to emails and phone calls outside working hours. The founders of startups have put in so much time and dedication to their foetus that many of them would want their startup employees to work very hard and so the irregular hours (and also tight deadlines as discussed under “pressure”) to complete projects on time. In spite of the often crazy working hours though, startups com pensate by flexibility for telecommunication, allowing to work from home or letting one look after personal business at short notice. With respect to corporate companies, the working hours are explicitly laid out (fixed schedule such as 8 a.m to 5 p.m or 9 a.m to 6 p.m.) which is favorable for work-life balance.SecurityYou can expect more security of your job and less volatility when you’re working for a more established company than for a startup. When you’re at a startup, you must keep in mind that you could be laid off at any time owing to financial problems. Seed funding won’t last forever. If you’re lucky, good for you, if you’re not, you’re going to be jobless.Documentation reveals that three out of every four startups (75 percent) fail. According to separate studies by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S Department of Labor and the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, a not-for-profit concern that encourages U.S entrepreneurship, while approximately 60 percent of start-ups manage to endure only up to the age of three, only about 35 percent survive till the age of 10.Work expectationsIn the startup environment, getting work done is more important than perfection. Products and projects are not set in stone and improvement and revisions may have to be carried out as and when required. An employee in a startup shouldn’t allow himself to get stuck with one project for the sake of perfection. Secondly, scaling is not expected in this kind of environment. In fact, according to the Startup Genome Report, one of the common reasons for startups performing worse is premature scaling. Perfectionism and scaling are more welcome in a corporate environment.Work atmosphereThe atmosphere in a startup is characterized by more fun and open communication than that you’ll find in a corporate business. The opinions of all employees are valued.There’s rarely a dull moment as something is always happening. Dressing can be casual. There’s also great creat ive energy and team spirit. A startup employee’s colleagues usually share the same excitement and energy that he has and they all typically are aiming to achieve the same goals.RecognitionIn a startup environment, if you do good work, most probably your boss will notice it and even give you credit for it. At the same time, your boss will also easily notice whenever you’ve done something wrong. In contrast, when you’re at a corporate environment, most probably your “job well done” may hardly catch the attention of your boss so you can’t expect recognition for all the hard work you’ve put in. However, large companies do tolerate individual mistakes better.OpportunitiesIn a startup, you get a lot of opportunities, skills and experience (from having to be a jack of all trades) which you can adorn your CV with. What’s more, these will help you climb up the career ladder quite fast. Opportunities in a corporate setting are less or even lost. For example, owing to the diffi culties associated with changing product lines hastily at a large firm, the company could lose opportunities. The flexibility associated with a startup makes it easier to change key products fast. In the larger company setting, it is more of a challenge to progress up the career ladder.Compensation (Pay and benefits)The salaries and benefits in a startup are not much compared to what you’ll get in a corporate business. According to the Harvard Business Review,  it is a common trend among startups to pay average salaries that are 30 percent less than the market norms. In a startup, there is even a chance that you may be asked to accept a reduction in pay in exchange for equity. However, there may be in-office activities and paid lunches.The corporate environment offers better salary and benefits packages (such as holidays and healthcare). Insurance packages here are typically better than those seen with their startup counterparts. There may be more choice in the corporate insurance package which makes it possible to find something ideal for you and your family.Both the startup and corporate setting provide for a great professional experience. They both have their own distinct set of advantages and disadvantages so one can’t really say that one is better than the other â€" both types are just different. The most important thing to keep in mind to make the right choice of job (startup or corporate) is to know yourself and the different companies you are comparing, to work for. Whatever the environment you opt for, it shouldn’t take a toll on your health, or make you too uncomfortable. You don’t want to get fired just because the company structure and environment didn’t suit you in the first place.

John Lockes Political Philosophy - 752 Words

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Locke insists that God gave us our ability to reason to help us in the search for truth. He believes that since we are Gods’ creations, we know that we must protect ourselves. To aid us, God created in us a natural disinclination to misery and a desire for happiness, so we avoid things that cause us pain and seek out pleasure instead. We can reason that since we are all equally God’s children, God must want happiness for all. If one person makes another unhappy, they have therefore rejected God’s will. Consequently, each person has the obligation to preserve other people asShow MoreRelatedAge Of Enlightenment755 Words   |  4 Pagesintellectual thinkers, such as John Locke, which helped shape and influence modern government and politics. 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A Thematic Literature Review Low Income Single Mothers

A Thematic Literature Review Low-income Single Mothers Shagana Vijayaratnam SOCI 2030_B 2015-16 Professor L. Goldring TA G. Kilicaslan November 1, 2015 Literature Review Statement: This literature review will focus on the different types of struggles that low-income single mothers face. This review will include a broad overview of the published literature on the issues of welfare, childcare and employment that low-income single mothers challenge. The review will depict the difficulty low-income single mother’s face in term of raising a child on their own and the lack of support that they receive. Poverty amongst low-income single mothers is caused by lack of financial aid. Low-income single mothers endure the hardship of raising a child and paying numerous bills for survival with such minimal assistance. Welfare The notion of welfare is very prevalent in majority of the low-income single mother’s lives as this is probably their only essential income for a living. 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Active Audiences the Construction of Meaning Free Essays

Active Audiences the Construction of Meaning â€Å"Media messages are central to everyday lives†¦ Audiences are active interpreters of meaning. † â€Å"Audiences interpret media in diverse ways. †(255-256). We will write a custom essay sample on Active Audiences the Construction of Meaning or any similar topic only for you Order Now People in the media industry believe that the audience is a mass of passive readers who accept media messages uncritically. Nevertheless, the audiences actively take part in the interpretation of media texts which is an essential process when media messages start meaning something to people who assign their own implication to the texts. Sometimes audiences can interpret the message in the same way as intended by the producers, but sometimes they construct meaning that is very different. People interpret media texts in all types of social settings. Therefore, media has become a significant part of the social life. Since audiences are active receivers of media texts, they can change media messages by collective action such as prohibition of certain media texts, campaigns that show audiences’ disapproval of media products, public writing of letters of complaint regarding media, foundation of independent media that criticize main media but also supply audiences with alternative perspectives. Audiences from different races, ethnicities, genders and social classes construct various interpretations of the same media message. So, media texts are characterized by polysemy, they have multiple meanings. According to John Fiske (1986) there is abundance of meaning embedded in the media texts. Therefore, media messages are structured in a way that enables people to make different readings and interpret them actively, not simply to accept the dominant interpretation. People have agency but there is no structure. However, people from different social backgrounds construct various interpretations of same media texts. Social statuses shape audience members’ viewpoints, interests and attitudes towards media. As a result, people must be aware of their agency- the opportunity to construct meaning- and of the social constraints as well. People often construct interpretation that is based on widely accepted norms, values and beliefs about the world around us. According to Stuart Hall’s encoding-decoding model messages are constructed on the basis of specific â€Å"codes†, encoded by the producers and decoded by the active audience. To decode the media texts, audiences have to know the basic medium conventions and cultural values. Since media messages draw on some taken-for-granted beliefs and cultural codes, the audience uses its knowledge about them to construct meaning and decode the media texts. This factor hinders us from being fully autonomist. Active audiences use media for diverse reasons and construct different interpretations but the big corporations will always be there to nudge us in certain directions. Fortunately, people like me will often refuse to accept the preferred meaning and develop oppositional reading and resistance, which are related to social action. Audiences’ oppositional decoding is part of the resistance to the traditional roles and rules. People are suppose to use media to relax, fantasize and escape from the social reality or solve some problems and live in harmony not to be subliminally attacked by producer beliefs. Some people experience ‘pleasure of resistance’ by making interpretations opposing to the dominant meanings. Overall there will always be a give and take between the media and the people, what we have to remember is we can have control over these media influence as long as we can take a step back and acknowledge their presence. How to cite Active Audiences the Construction of Meaning, Papers

Developing Skills in Counselling Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthe

Question: Discuss about the Developing Skills in Counselling. Answer: The present essay is attempting to evaluate numerous definitions of counseling and the fundamental skills to become a trained counselor. More precisely, the discourse has the aim to identify various perspectives and scholarly view regarding the premise of counseling. At the same time, it is the purpose of the paper to see what the five major skills are or abilities that should be possessed by an efficient counselor. The aim of evaluating the above mentioned aspects is required in order to understand whether in the above mentioned counseling session, the fundamental skills of counseling have been applied or not. Finally, the discourse will end up by identifying as well as assessing the particular limitations those the counselor has encountered in time of pursuing the counseling. Therefore, understandably the paper has two major concerns. One is to identify various definitions and chief skills of counseling and the second is to understand whether the skills have been properly applied i n the counseling session or not. In this context, it is to mention that the fundamental aspect of counseling relies on the provision of assistance in a professional level to resolve psychological issues (Moloney, 2016). The word counseling can be defined as a distinct application of mental health and principles of human development with the help of cognitive, systematic and effective intervention strategies to address mental wellness and personal growth. As per Tolan and Cameron (2016), counseling is a distinct way of assisting mentally troubled individuals to resolve various crisis associated with life through personal change, healing grief and developing the personal meaning. On the other hand, according to Meekums et al., (2016), counseling should be defined as a particular act of helping clients who are suffering from psychological complications. Therefore, in other words the definition of counseling can be put as a relationship of trust. Nevertheless, as defined by the Dictionary of counseling, counseling is a distinctly principled relationship that is characterized by the proper application of one or more than one psychological theory and at the same time a recognized set of skills of communic ation, which is modified by experience, various interpersonal factors, problems and the intimate concern of the clients. On the other hand, based on Van Deurzen and Adams (2016), the term counseling should be defined as a particular activity undertaken by the people who agree to occupy the position of a counselor. However, as argued by Fairclough (2016), the proper definition of counseling says that counseling is a service that is sought by people who are in distress and or in a degree of confusion and wish to discuss as well as resolve the issues through a confidential and disciplined relationship. In this respect, it is to mention that the practice of counseling is dealt with wellness, career, and personal growth and at the same time pathological concern. As defined by the BAC (British Association for Counseling), counseling is a principled utilization of a confidential relationship that is to make ease of emotional acceptance, optimal advancement of personal resources and self-knowledge (Lowe, 2016). It has been identified that various time counseling is defined by the aim of providing the opportuni ties to work towards living a more resourceful and satisfying life. However, the most well known definition of counseling is found to be the particular process takes place when a counselor with a mentally troubled individual set aside time for exploring various difficulties, which include stress and numerous emotions. Nevertheless, probably the most interesting percept regarding counseling is the concept that says the aspect of counseling is a wonderful invention of the twentieth-century. Following this particular percept, it can be said that counseling is cultural invention, which aids significant contribution to the standard of the lives of millions of individuals. Nonetheless, in the words of Bayne and Jangha (2016), a simple definition of counseling falls under the well known umbrella phrase of talking therapies, which says that the process of counseling makes a comfortable as well as confidential atmosphere where people can discuss their psychological and personal issues to a trained person. Henceforth, it can be said that there are different p erspectives of different scholars and institution about the predominant definition of counseling (Olsen, 2016). However, it is understandable from the above discussion that counseling is a process of giving mental support to people and sort out their psychological issues. In this context, it is required to mention that there is confusion between the definition of psychotherapy and counseling. According to Klonek et al., (2016), the definition of counseling is supported by the predominant aim of accepting assets as well as limitation in place of pursuing fundamental change in human personality. On the other hand, the definition of psychotherapy is a process of relieving a patient from distressful neurotic symptoms or discordant human characteristics those interfere the individuals satisfactory adaptation of the outside world. As mentioned in the inaugural part of the present discourse, the context is attempting to identify the predominant skills of a trained counselor. According to that, it has been identified that the basic skills that a properly trained and educated counselor should have are the skill of listening, showing empathetic response, ask questions, and make interpretations of them. According to DArcy Jr et al., (2016), the predominant skills, which every skilled counselor is required to possess are listening, attending, taking notes of the answers made by the clients and prior to that ask open-ended questions. However, as argued by McLeod (2016), a skilled counselor should have the ability to show genuine concern as well as positive and unconditional regard to the clients. More precisely, the five basic skills, which are required to be applied by every skilled counselor are empathy, listening and attending, asking open-ended questions and making proper interpretation, making self-disclosure a nd concrete communication (Almeida, 2016). The skill of empathy is to understand experience and situation of others. More precisely, the skill of empathy is to putting oneself into the condition of the others. In other words, it can be said that the role of empathy is to imagine a persons condition in a respectful manner and entering into the private world of another individual without making any judgment. The predominant symptoms of empathetic expression are open-mindedness, true commitment, accepting others opinions and imagination. As per Tolan and Cameron (2016), in order to achieve the proper ability of empathy, a person should have the capability of making verbal and non-verbal attending, making apt paraphrasing of the contents provided by the clients and reflecting upon the feelings of the clients. On the other hand, the skill of listening and attending the client is another major basic skill that is required from every skilled counselor. The skill of giving attention is to align oneself physically with the patient or the client, so the person feels that he/she is getting complete care from the counselor (Ratt et al., 2016). The requirement for applying the skills of attending is encouraging verbalizations, leaning forward, making eye contact and nods. However, the role of listening is to capture as well as perceive both formal and non-verbal communication of the client. Most significantly, in time of counseling an individual, it is a basic requirement to ask relevant open-ended questions related to the clients situation and thereafter to make proper summarization of the answers. The act of making open-ended question is essential for providing the client the opportunity to express thoughts and opinions (Goss, 2016). On the other hand, the notion of taking notes after asking questions is necessary for counselor as it helps in making proper evaluation of the answers to reach to a proper decision or solution. Nevertheless, one skill that most of the time is being overlooked is the skill of being concreteness. More precisely, the skill of concreteness is the ability to keep communications specific and focused on particular facts associated with the concerns. Nevertheless, as per Goss (2016), in terms of applying the ability of concreteness, a person should avoid making generalize comments and abstract discussions. The skill of concreteness demands some f unctions like assisting clients to identify the specific problem, reminding the patients about the tasks those are required to be pursued by them to get rid of a situation and suggesting the clients to clarify facts and feelings. Therefore, it can be said that the skills of listening and making question are related with the skill of concreteness as the accomplishment of the skills rely on the successful application of concreteness (Nadkarni et al., 2017). However, in this respect it is to mention that various times, in form of applying the skill of concrete communication, counselors required to concentrate on emphasizing on the process and the contents taken place in time of the session. The benefit of applying the skill of concreteness helps in elucidating the problem of the clients and at the same time foster the time solving procedure. The skill of making self-disclosure is an ability of an efficient counselor to share personal experiences with the patients, which would be related to the problem or situation of the client. The intention behind applying the skill is to help the client to find a positive way to avoid the consequences of the issue (Tolan Cameron, 2016). It is significant to contemplate in the context that the skill of making self-closure is considered as an advanced counseling skills and most of the time it is regarded as a challenging skill. However, from the above presented transcription, I can say that my way of applying the skill of making self-disclosure has been most satisfactory. It is my fortune that I have successfully applied the advanced counseling skill successfully. The transcription is indicative of the fact that my skill of sharing personal experiences regarding my childhood and adolescent time. I believe the application will prove fruitful in near future. On the other hand, I have understood from the transcription that I have properly showed my ability to listen and attend the patient, as it is evident from the clients expressions. However, according to my understanding and knowledge regarding the basic and advanced skills of counseling, it is unfortunate to mention here that the skill of taking notes and interpreting them properly has not been properly applied. The transcription says that I have efficiently listened to the problems of the student though did not successfully taken notes of the several sign ificant points. However, I believe that my listening ability had been effective as I can see that the student gradually started to feel more confident. On the other hand, it is fortunate to note down that it has been my continuous thrive to make the student comfortable through my expression of empathy. At the same time, most of my questions have been open-ended so that the client has the space to share his though properly. However, it is include at the final section of the discourse is that, there has been certain limitations without which; I believe the session could have been more successful. The first issue, which has bothered my session, is my own incompetence of not taking notes continuously. It is disappointing for a trained counselor like me to encounter an issue like such. Furthermore, I believe there has been the need to talk to Mikes parents though it would have been unethical for me to do so. It is because; I was bound to maintain the confidentiality. However, it has been a continuous issue for me to recommend anything to the client because various times, patients feel that their counselor imposes suggestions upon them. Therefore, I personally think twice before making suggestions for the client. Most significantly, I believe in time of making self disclosure, it has been difficult for me to decide whether my issues and experience should harm the client or not. Moreover, there has been the p ressure to decide how much of my experiences should be shared to the student client. Finally, I need to conclude that instead of the fact that I have started doing the counseling only after getting consent from the guardian, it has been difficult for me to get the permission specifically from the students father. However, instead of all these constraints, I believe my session has gone well. References Almeida, N. (2016). A short introduction to counselling. Bayne, H. B., Jangha, A. (2016). Utilizing Improvisation to Teach Empathy Skills in Counselor Education.Counselor Education and Supervision,55(4), 250-262. DArcy Jr, J. R., Stiles, W. B., Hanley, T. (2016). 2 The Online Calming Effect: Does the Internet Provide a More Comfortable Modality for Conducting Psychotherapy?.THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL NETWORKING, 17. Fairclough, S. L. (2016).The effects of the Student Success Skills program on the behavioral and cognitive engagement of grade 5 Exceptional Student Education students(Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University). Goss, A. (2016).Attitudes of Support Workers in Learning Disability Services towards Counselling Psychology(Doctoral dissertation, City, University of London). Klonek, F. E., Wunderlich, E., Spurk, D., Kauffeld, S. (2016). Motivational interviewing meets career counseling: An observational study of verbal counselor skills and client ambivalence.Journal of Vocational Behavior,94, 28-38. Lowe, C. (2016).Measuring the self-perceived transformational leadership skills of school counselors: A comparison across settings(Doctoral dissertation, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA). McLeod, J. (2016).Using research in counselling and psychotherapy. Sage. Meekums, B., Macaskie, J., Kapur, T. (2016). Developing skills in counselling and psychotherapy: a scoping review of Interpersonal Process Recall and Reflecting Team methods in initial therapist training.British Journal of Guidance Counselling,44(5), 504-515. Moloney, L. (2016).Defining and delivering effective counselling and psychotherapy. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Nadkarni, A., Weobong, B., Weiss, H. A., McCambridge, J., Bhat, B., Katti, B., Wilson, G. T. (2017). Counselling for Alcohol Problems (CAP), a lay counsellor-delivered brief psychological treatment for harmful drinking in men, in primary care in India: a randomised controlled trial.The Lancet,389(10065), 186-195. Olsen, J. A. (2016).An examination of factors that relate to school counselors' knowledge and skills of multi-tiered systems of support(Doctoral dissertation, THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE). Ratt, J., Dubois, A., Caouette, L., Roussin, C., Goyer, L. (2016). A Haven for Suffering: Second Experiential Cooperative Research Study on the Foundations of Counselling and Psychotherapy.Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy/Revue canadienne de counseling et de psychothrapie,50(3s). Tolan, J., Cameron, R. (2016).Skills in Person-centred counselling psychotherapy. Sage. Tolan, J., Cameron, R. (2016).Skills in Person-centred counselling psychotherapy. Sage. Van Deurzen, E., Adams, M. (2016).Skills in existential counselling psychotherapy. Sage.