Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Wellbeing and Social Care Essay P2: Describe the Origins of Public Health Policy in the UK from the nineteenth Century to the Present Day. 1837-The law began enlisting births, relationships and passings and started to see contrasts in regions. This was a direct result of maladies going round and numerous individuals were passing on. They needed to make sense of where about the ailments were generally normal. 1848-The Liberal government brought the Public Health Act into law. 1849-Unfortunately, a monstrous measure of 10,000 individuals kicked the bucket from the malady cholera. 1853-Vaccination for smallpox was made necessary and begun by Edward Jenner; this was on the grounds that a lot of individuals were getting sick and kicking the bucket from it. 1870-The legislature constrained neighborhood specialists to teach individuals about sicknesses, with the goal that they at that point knew and could find out about them and help to forestall any more. 1875-Public Health Act constrained neighborhood specialists to give clean water, have appropriate seepage and name clinical workplaces for every zone. This was to improve destructive maladies and ailments which were proceeding to hurt individuals. 1906-In this year free school dinners law came to fruition. 1907-Medical school assessments for youngsters were presented. 1918-The British Prime Minister Lloyd George guaranteed officers getting back from the war, ‘Homes fit for Heroes’. It was significant for individuals to have a decent home condition. 1921-The neighborhood specialists were required to set up TB centers. 1934-The legislature passed the free school milk act and neighborhood chambers were urged to give poor kids free school dinners. This was on the grounds that they were lamentable and were not getting the right measure of food and drink and it could have influenced their wellbeing. 1942-Sir William Beveridge distributed a report on the most ideal method of helping individuals on low salary. 1944-Clement Attlee made the NHS dependent on the proposition of the Beveridge Report white paper distributed. 1948-On the fifth July the new NHS was propelled. 1970-Margret Thatcher turned into the new Secretary of State and requested cuts on four primary zones: further instruction expenses, library book getting charges, school feast charges and free school milk. 1980-Black Report came to fruition, talking about disparities in wellbeing between the rich and poor. It expected to decrease kid destitution, reintroducing free schools suppers and milk, improving lodging, business, schools and the sky is the limit from there. 1998-Acheson Report, Acheson was approached to audit disparities in England and recognize need ones for the improvement of wellbeing. 1999-â€Å"Saving Lives Our Healthier Nation† this was what the Labor government discharged as a wellbeing system. P1: Describe key parts of general wellbeing techniques. There are numerous techniques that have been utilized and have had a positive and a negative result when given a shot in urban communities. Initially, observing the wellbeing status of the populace, this is the place following changes and making individuals aware of potential issues would occur. A model for this would be ‘Census’ this where like clockwork since 1801 the country picks one day to do the evaluation overview. In the study it comprises tallying all individuals and family units. Generally speaking it’s the most complete data source that the populace that the country has. The latest enumeration overview was hung on the Sunday 27 March 2011. Distinguishing the wellbeing needs of the populace is a system that can and has been utilized inside the populace. In this procedure we are recognizing ramifications of patterns and examples to administrations. A genuine model is in schools or any sort of teaching/examining places or simply broad talks where individuals are being educated about diabetes, better slimming down and work out. This would help people groups wellbeing increment more by having the information about this. Moreover, another technique that has been utilized around the populace is to create programs which would then attempt to lessen dangers and screen for illnesses. Doing this would diminish sick wellbeing by taking a gander at and distinguishing individuals that are in danger and afterward advancing wellbeing. A long time passed by the populace have attempted this procedure; for instance, doing disease research, commercial projects to tell individuals and smear tests. Controlling transferable malady, this is the place projects and plans are made and drawn out that are vaccination programs which are there to diminish the effect of sicknesses. The country for a long time and are proceeding on doing likewise have TB infusions. This is a case of controlling the transferable sickness. These infusions are there to safe human bodies to ailment and ailment which is called Tuberculosis. Moreover, another methodology with regards to general wellbeing is advancing the soundness of the populace. Numerous organizations and gatherings of individuals have investigated attempting to achieve this. By doing this they have been elevating wellbeing exercises to improve their wellbeing and their wellness. A great deal of the projects are essentially attempting to draw in individuals so they comprehend they have to improve their wellbeing so they don’t turn corpulence and by and large just also improve and increment their wellness level. Arranging and assessing wellbeing and social consideration arrangement this is the place the country is getting to and affecting of wellbeing administrations. In each city there should be wellbeing administrations to help anybody that is out of luck. One of the administrations that are in numerous urban areas is the contraception administration. These are organizations that offer tips and guidance to youngsters that are explicitly dynamic. They likewise hand out free condoms so little youngsters don’t get pregnant when they are not prepared and don’t need as well. At last, target setting, this is the place targets are good to go to diminish illness and to improve wellbeing. For instance, pregnancy is where the country needs to diminish what number of little youngsters get pregnant. To diminish this contraception is available in each store, pharmacy’s etc†¦ furthermore, there are organizations that part with free contraception to decrease high school pregnancy. In addition to the fact that contraception helps forestall pregnancy forestalls individuals coming down with explicitly transmitted maladies like HIV, Chlamydia and syphilis. M1: analyze chronicled and current highlights of general wellbeing. Things that happened years back have all changed to these days; either by a couple of changes yet at the same time fundamentally the same as or drastically changed in a positive manner. Right off the bat, access to clinical consideration. Quite a while back clinical consideration in the nineteenth century was not awesome. The emergency clinics were exceptionally fundamental, numerous beds in an enormous room (ward) there were once in a while draperies around the beds for protection on the grounds that in those days garments were short and additional material would be made into dress. Additionally, they might not have been extremely spotless, they were clean to work in however for individuals that were sick they may of made that individual all the more inadequately. Facilities were comparable; they had the essential bed to check patients on and the modest quantity of prescriptions. Not all the time did they have the right reasonable drug for patients. So a few patients may have needed to languish over longer than what they ought to off on the grounds that it was difficult to get medicine that was going to fix what the patients had. They had specialists yet relatively few; there would most likely be one in every territory. For them it would be difficult work in such a case that several individuals turned out to be sick they would need to attempt to fix and help every one of them as quickly as time permits before anything spread to other people or on the off chance that it turned out to be more terrible. These days, everything has improved since the nineteenth century. Emergency clinics are amazingly enormous with a large number of beds and numerous medical attendants and Doctors that are there to help and improve individuals. The beds and wards are considerably more propelled now; each bed is a clinical bed than can be balanced electrically. There are additionally window ornaments and clean sheets on each bed and gets changed more ordinary than what it would of years back. A great many pounds have been spent on apparatus in the emergency clinics that help forestall patients getting more sick than what they are. For example Ventilators they assist individuals with breathing in the event that they are not skilled to do so themselves while there body is patching itself. Centers that we have in the days have improved throughout the years. On the off chance that anybody has a difficult they can stroll in to a center or make an arrangement at the Doctors/Pharmacy to be looked at. Frequently, individuals that need prescription are recommended for their drugs and can get it straight away. Or then again if not straight away, inside in the following day or thereabouts on the off chance that it is should have been requested in. There are a lot more Doctors in every region, so it is simpler for individuals to be seen to when they have an issue or not feeling well overall. This is acceptable in such a case that there was a sickness going round and many individuals were getting it, the Doctors could help forestall others getting it by requesting that they come in and be insusceptible with medication so they don't turn out to be sick. Lodging in the nineteenth century was incredibly poor. In March 1840, the legislature were so worried about sanitation and day to day environments that they set up a Parliamentary Health Select Committee to cover Health of Towns. Its discoveries uncovered the size of congestion; this was causing outrageous foulness and illnesses that came about up in an across the board demise. There would be a lot of houses most likely in a gathering of 10 that were in a square, ordinarily with a down steps and upstairs. For white collar class individuals families would be living in 1 room together or in the event that they had enough cash and they were fortunate they would get half of a house. All the houses would share the toilets which were outside the structures. This caused a great deal of illness on account of all the common misuse of others that others must be near and needed to utilize the can after when they wasn’t clean by any stretch of the imagination. Individuals would turn out to be extremely sick and afterward it would spread to others which caused a lot of individuals in a region to have a genuine sickness which most presumably would prompt passing. Nowadays, lodging has progressively changed. They are a lot of cleaner and individuals own t

What explains the demise of the Bretton Woods system Essay

What clarifies the end of the Bretton Woods framework - Essay Example The joint endeavor realized a framework wherein nations having issues in equalization of installments can settle it as a result of one of the element of fixed trade rates in the understanding. This has laid to a financial reproduction in Europe for an exceptionally long decade which thusly offered ascend to industrialist extension, which has not been seen till date. This gave an additional lift to the worldwide economy where for the most part in the industrialist nations, the way of life of the common laborers has improved to a high degree. (Bordo and Eichengreen, 1993). In the time of post World War 1, larger part of the nations tended to return to the past circumstance of budgetary solidness and security as it won before such wars were held. The old best quality level were again liked and each nation attempted to slant towards it and by 1926 all the main economies again settled the framework and in like manner the coursing cash of each country must be equipped by gold stores and ou tside monetary standards to a colossal degree. Be that as it may, while actualizing the gold a few stages were embraced erroneously because of which the monetary and money related relations fallen prompting the Great Depression in 1929. So as to decrease the shortfall in installment balance by collapsing its cash each and every nation gave a lift to its fare item to build its intensity in profitability. This thought fell set up and was running effectively till the nations kept emptying their monetary standards. This over laid marvel denoted a worldwide flattening rivalry which prompted joblessness among masses, endeavors were wiped out of chapter 11, many credit foundations fizzled and furthermore hyper swelling was noted to happen in different nations concerned. (Kenen, 1994; Moggridge, 1980). Because of this wonder of Great Depression, a few meetings who were managing the world money related issues wound up in disappointment in the time of 1930s. In any case, each nation tended fo r a balancing out framework that corrected slip-ups which got one of the apparent wonders. After this, few plans were made so as to assemble a creative money related framework and a foundation that will administer a wide range of activities and budgetary risks. During the war time conditions, the entirety of the underlying exchanges occurred. (Kenen, 1994; Moggridge, 1980). In Bretton Woods, New Hampshire (USA), a worldwide gathering occurred in 1944. This gathering was gone to by 44 nations to rebuild the global money and cash connections. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and The International Bank For Reconstruction And Development (IBRD/World Bank) was made by the members of this meeting . Likewise, they additionally acknowledged the reality of actualizing an arrangement of fixed conversion standard with the U.S dollar as the main cash. Harry Dexter White, the American Minister of State in the U.S treasury and the British Economist John Mayard Keynes were capable to build up the designs for the Bretton Woods framework. They additionally expressed that they need to build up a framework which would be satisfactory by all the countries. The thoughts of Harry Dexter and Keynes consistently happened to be fundamentally the same as one another. The White Plan supplements that a Bank for Reconstruction and an International Stabilization Fund ought to be set up. This was like what Keynes has depicted in his arrangement. Be that as it may, there was a little contrast which got reflected in Keynes plan was he needed to vest the IMF thoughts with conceivable outcomes to make cash and with the position to take activities on an extremely enormous scope. At whatever point there will be irregular characteristics in a critical position of installments both the sides, that is, both the indebted individuals and loan bosses must change their approaches. Nations that have their installments in overabundance should build their size of imports from the nations

HR Reality Check

HR Reality Check When you are in search of your first job, in addition to looking for a post that matches your qualification, you may have to choose between working for a startup and working for an established firm.The decision you make should be taken after careful consideration of the pros and cons of both work environments in terms of the kind of environment that suits your personality and preferences (such as core beliefs, job role and career goals). Before that, it is worthwhile to gain a basic understanding of the various stages of development in a business’s life cycle from startup to corporate. © Shutterstock.com | Alexander SupertrampThis article examines first 1) stages of a company in order to understand 2) what you can expect when working in a startup?STAGES OF A COMPANYJust as human beings develop from a baby to a teenager, a business too goes through a life cycle starting from the seed stage. Each stage is characterized by different challenges, priorities, operations and financing sources. For example, a business owner may have to devote a considerable amount of his time in the course of the business’s initial start-up period. As the company makes progress, he can start delegating responsibilities to others.The five key stages in a typical business life cycle are described below.  1. Seed Stage StartupAt this point, the business is only an idea, concept, thought or prototype. The business must pursue one key opportunity and work to gain market acceptance. In addition, it must concentrate on selection of a business ownership structure, business planning and locating professional advisors. Owing to being in a period of no certain market or customers, the business is forced to rely on family, friends, possibly angel investors, government grants, suppliers and customers for cash.2. Early-Stage Startup (venture capital backed)The business is now a living entity and a legal one too. The production of goods and services has begun and the company has its first customers. At this stage, the business must be careful not to deplete whatever little cash is available in hand. With respect to the area of focus, it is establishing a market presence and customer base in addition to preserving and tracking cash flow. The business is funded by its owner, family, friends, grants, suppliers and customers. Venture capital (VC) financing is another option. Venture capital is fiscal capital given to early stage, growth startup companies of high potential. The venture capital fund brings in money by holding equity in the companies invested in.3. Growth-Stage Startup (more than $10m in funding)Now, the business has grown from a baby to a child. Profits are strong and customers and revenues are increasing with the addition of opportunities and problems. Competition is beginning to rear its head. At this stage of its growth, the business has to handle the challenge of constant concerns, calling for more money and time. The company should be able to perform effective management, possibly come up with a fresh business plan and start delegating and training to pass this development stage with flying colors. Money is acquired through banks, partnerships, profits, leasing options and grants.4. SME (established stage)The business is prospering at this stage and has a position in the market along with faithful customers. There is more routine in the company’s working with manageable sales growth. It has to concentrate on the bigger picture so that all the laurels gained up to this stage are not depleted because of an unyielding competitive marketplace , changes in customer tastes, the economy or other factors. Survival at this stage would call for better business practices, outsourcing and automation to increase productivity. Investors, profits, banks and the government are key sources of money at this stage.5. Corporate (Expansion Stage)This stage is marked by a new phase of growth into new distribution channels and markets. SME owners typically prefer this stage to acquire a bigger market share and discover new channels for income and profits. The research and planning of the first two stages comes in handy here. Companies at this stage of the life cycle would do well to concentrate on businesses that match their current abilities and experience rather than risking disaster by venturing into unrelated businesses. They can either take their existing business to new markets or introduce new goods and services to existing markets. The key money sources at this stage are joint ventures, new investors, licensing, banks and partners.  WHAT TO EXPECT WHEN WORKING IN A STARTUP COMPARED TO A CORPORATE?Working in a start-up (seed stage, early stage, growth stage) is more fast-paced, fast- and ever-changing and on the whole, a place where there’s a lot of action and free communication in contrast to the slower-paced and more structured corporate environment. On the one hand, there’s more flexibility, opportunities, a steeper learning curve and better chances to create an impact here than that in a corporate setup (SME, corporate). At the same time, it comes with lower compensation and greater risk than that which can be expected in a more established work setup.The following points describe working in a startup in more detail and how it compares to working in a corporate:TransparencyStartups are typically more transparent than their corporate counterparts. Information that employees become aware of in startups include: company performance week to week, what made the company begin a new arm of business, changes i n business plan(s), how the company progresses and its reaction to competitors. In addition the leadership may reveal the triggers behind organizational decisions and provide insight into them rather than looking for blind obedience and possibly, even ask for feedback before executing them. Though startups don’t usually reveal salary information just as corporate companies don’t, Buffer co-founder Leo Widrich surprised many by making the salaries of Buffer’s employees and the formula behind them transparent to the world. RoleIf you work in a startup, you can expect to have to wear different hats, being required to carry out tasks you may consider outside of your job description. It is even possible that you may have to perform grunt work. On the other hand, working in a more established or corporate environment means you know exactly where you stand in the hierarchy. You’ll have a well-defined job role. Your work will remain within that job role. So, the startup offers the o pportunity for multitasking and gaining knowledge about other aspects of business besides your speciality. The varied roles make it suitable for those who dread monotony. In the corporate environment, one’s responsibilities are clear-cut and one can’t expect to be able to enter into or learn about other areas of work but then again, this is deal for people with specific career goals. ResponsibilityYou can expect more responsibility thrust on your shoulders if you’re working in a startup, when compared to a corporate. The teams in a startup are usually smaller than those in a corporate business and because of that, you may probably be the only person with the skill set or problem solving ability you have and probably no one else thinks in the same manner you do. Expect to have to pull your weight from the first day itself. However, because of the great degree of responsibility you get, your skills would develop faster than in a more established environment. You can also be happ y about the fact that you are contributing to something potentially major, right from the start. This doesn’t just have to be skills. You could be contributing to shaping the company’s products or even its goals, values and culture. You may get the opportunity to road test or improve on your ideas in actual scenarios.PressureWorking in a startup is far from easygoing and involves working under tight deadlines. You can expect considerable pressure, more pressure than what you’d find at other kinds of companies. If you don’t have the personality for it, you may feel overwhelmed by the pressure to hit metrics, acquire more traction, accomplish growth and results, and so on. The environment at a corporate company is comparatively more regimented. Exposure and MentorshipAs mentioned earlier, in a startup, there is greater exposure to the business side when compared to the corporate environment. There’s also plenty of exposure to the founders. However the management is busy and most probably, may be less experienced than you in a particular field. You’ll have to learn things on your own. In contrast, the opportunities for specialist training or mentorship are better in a more established or corporate business setting. There are specialists in each department and in addition to specialist knowledge, you have access to best practices. The management is better trained and experienced than those in smaller companies.Working HoursIn a startup, working hours are mostly long (12 hour workdays are common) and you may have to make personal sacrifices. In addition, you’ll have to respond to emails and phone calls outside working hours. The founders of startups have put in so much time and dedication to their foetus that many of them would want their startup employees to work very hard and so the irregular hours (and also tight deadlines as discussed under “pressure”) to complete projects on time. In spite of the often crazy working hours though, startups com pensate by flexibility for telecommunication, allowing to work from home or letting one look after personal business at short notice. With respect to corporate companies, the working hours are explicitly laid out (fixed schedule such as 8 a.m to 5 p.m or 9 a.m to 6 p.m.) which is favorable for work-life balance.SecurityYou can expect more security of your job and less volatility when you’re working for a more established company than for a startup. When you’re at a startup, you must keep in mind that you could be laid off at any time owing to financial problems. Seed funding won’t last forever. If you’re lucky, good for you, if you’re not, you’re going to be jobless.Documentation reveals that three out of every four startups (75 percent) fail. According to separate studies by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S Department of Labor and the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, a not-for-profit concern that encourages U.S entrepreneurship, while approximately 60 percent of start-ups manage to endure only up to the age of three, only about 35 percent survive till the age of 10.Work expectationsIn the startup environment, getting work done is more important than perfection. Products and projects are not set in stone and improvement and revisions may have to be carried out as and when required. An employee in a startup shouldn’t allow himself to get stuck with one project for the sake of perfection. Secondly, scaling is not expected in this kind of environment. In fact, according to the Startup Genome Report, one of the common reasons for startups performing worse is premature scaling. Perfectionism and scaling are more welcome in a corporate environment.Work atmosphereThe atmosphere in a startup is characterized by more fun and open communication than that you’ll find in a corporate business. The opinions of all employees are valued.There’s rarely a dull moment as something is always happening. Dressing can be casual. There’s also great creat ive energy and team spirit. A startup employee’s colleagues usually share the same excitement and energy that he has and they all typically are aiming to achieve the same goals.RecognitionIn a startup environment, if you do good work, most probably your boss will notice it and even give you credit for it. At the same time, your boss will also easily notice whenever you’ve done something wrong. In contrast, when you’re at a corporate environment, most probably your “job well done” may hardly catch the attention of your boss so you can’t expect recognition for all the hard work you’ve put in. However, large companies do tolerate individual mistakes better.OpportunitiesIn a startup, you get a lot of opportunities, skills and experience (from having to be a jack of all trades) which you can adorn your CV with. What’s more, these will help you climb up the career ladder quite fast. Opportunities in a corporate setting are less or even lost. For example, owing to the diffi culties associated with changing product lines hastily at a large firm, the company could lose opportunities. The flexibility associated with a startup makes it easier to change key products fast. In the larger company setting, it is more of a challenge to progress up the career ladder.Compensation (Pay and benefits)The salaries and benefits in a startup are not much compared to what you’ll get in a corporate business. According to the Harvard Business Review,  it is a common trend among startups to pay average salaries that are 30 percent less than the market norms. In a startup, there is even a chance that you may be asked to accept a reduction in pay in exchange for equity. However, there may be in-office activities and paid lunches.The corporate environment offers better salary and benefits packages (such as holidays and healthcare). Insurance packages here are typically better than those seen with their startup counterparts. There may be more choice in the corporate insurance package which makes it possible to find something ideal for you and your family.Both the startup and corporate setting provide for a great professional experience. They both have their own distinct set of advantages and disadvantages so one can’t really say that one is better than the other â€" both types are just different. The most important thing to keep in mind to make the right choice of job (startup or corporate) is to know yourself and the different companies you are comparing, to work for. Whatever the environment you opt for, it shouldn’t take a toll on your health, or make you too uncomfortable. You don’t want to get fired just because the company structure and environment didn’t suit you in the first place.

John Lockes Political Philosophy - 752 Words

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Locke insists that God gave us our ability to reason to help us in the search for truth. He believes that since we are Gods’ creations, we know that we must protect ourselves. To aid us, God created in us a natural disinclination to misery and a desire for happiness, so we avoid things that cause us pain and seek out pleasure instead. We can reason that since we are all equally God’s children, God must want happiness for all. If one person makes another unhappy, they have therefore rejected God’s will. Consequently, each person has the obligation to preserve other people asShow MoreRelatedAge Of Enlightenment755 Words   |  4 Pagesintellectual thinkers, such as John Locke, which helped shape and influence modern government and politics. 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A Thematic Literature Review Low Income Single Mothers

A Thematic Literature Review Low-income Single Mothers Shagana Vijayaratnam SOCI 2030_B 2015-16 Professor L. Goldring TA G. Kilicaslan November 1, 2015 Literature Review Statement: This literature review will focus on the different types of struggles that low-income single mothers face. This review will include a broad overview of the published literature on the issues of welfare, childcare and employment that low-income single mothers challenge. The review will depict the difficulty low-income single mother’s face in term of raising a child on their own and the lack of support that they receive. Poverty amongst low-income single mothers is caused by lack of financial aid. Low-income single mothers endure the hardship of raising a child and paying numerous bills for survival with such minimal assistance. Welfare The notion of welfare is very prevalent in majority of the low-income single mother’s lives as this is probably their only essential income for a living. 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The implementation of the Single Exit PriceRead MoreThe Conceptual Framework For A Research Based Diet And Physical Activity Interventions5466 Words   |  22 PagesChapter 2: Literature Review The conceptual framework for this research is based on studies conducted over periods of 6 months to 6 years, the strength of evidence is high that school-based diet and physical activity interventions with a home component or school based combination interventions with a home component prevent obesity or overweight (Wang, 2005). The strength of evidence is moderate that school-based interventions contribute to obesity prevention (Sharma, 2012). The strength of evidenceRead MoreImproving Health, Gender Equality, Peace, And Stability3188 Words   |  13 Pagescommon practice in Zambia that the boy will receive education while the girl will be sidelined if the parents have to decide on whom to send to school when dictated upon by various constraints. 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Active Audiences the Construction of Meaning Free Essays

Active Audiences the Construction of Meaning â€Å"Media messages are central to everyday lives†¦ Audiences are active interpreters of meaning. † â€Å"Audiences interpret media in diverse ways. †(255-256). We will write a custom essay sample on Active Audiences the Construction of Meaning or any similar topic only for you Order Now People in the media industry believe that the audience is a mass of passive readers who accept media messages uncritically. Nevertheless, the audiences actively take part in the interpretation of media texts which is an essential process when media messages start meaning something to people who assign their own implication to the texts. Sometimes audiences can interpret the message in the same way as intended by the producers, but sometimes they construct meaning that is very different. People interpret media texts in all types of social settings. Therefore, media has become a significant part of the social life. Since audiences are active receivers of media texts, they can change media messages by collective action such as prohibition of certain media texts, campaigns that show audiences’ disapproval of media products, public writing of letters of complaint regarding media, foundation of independent media that criticize main media but also supply audiences with alternative perspectives. Audiences from different races, ethnicities, genders and social classes construct various interpretations of the same media message. So, media texts are characterized by polysemy, they have multiple meanings. According to John Fiske (1986) there is abundance of meaning embedded in the media texts. Therefore, media messages are structured in a way that enables people to make different readings and interpret them actively, not simply to accept the dominant interpretation. People have agency but there is no structure. However, people from different social backgrounds construct various interpretations of same media texts. Social statuses shape audience members’ viewpoints, interests and attitudes towards media. As a result, people must be aware of their agency- the opportunity to construct meaning- and of the social constraints as well. People often construct interpretation that is based on widely accepted norms, values and beliefs about the world around us. According to Stuart Hall’s encoding-decoding model messages are constructed on the basis of specific â€Å"codes†, encoded by the producers and decoded by the active audience. To decode the media texts, audiences have to know the basic medium conventions and cultural values. Since media messages draw on some taken-for-granted beliefs and cultural codes, the audience uses its knowledge about them to construct meaning and decode the media texts. This factor hinders us from being fully autonomist. Active audiences use media for diverse reasons and construct different interpretations but the big corporations will always be there to nudge us in certain directions. Fortunately, people like me will often refuse to accept the preferred meaning and develop oppositional reading and resistance, which are related to social action. Audiences’ oppositional decoding is part of the resistance to the traditional roles and rules. People are suppose to use media to relax, fantasize and escape from the social reality or solve some problems and live in harmony not to be subliminally attacked by producer beliefs. Some people experience ‘pleasure of resistance’ by making interpretations opposing to the dominant meanings. Overall there will always be a give and take between the media and the people, what we have to remember is we can have control over these media influence as long as we can take a step back and acknowledge their presence. How to cite Active Audiences the Construction of Meaning, Papers

Developing Skills in Counselling Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthe

Question: Discuss about the Developing Skills in Counselling. Answer: The present essay is attempting to evaluate numerous definitions of counseling and the fundamental skills to become a trained counselor. More precisely, the discourse has the aim to identify various perspectives and scholarly view regarding the premise of counseling. At the same time, it is the purpose of the paper to see what the five major skills are or abilities that should be possessed by an efficient counselor. The aim of evaluating the above mentioned aspects is required in order to understand whether in the above mentioned counseling session, the fundamental skills of counseling have been applied or not. Finally, the discourse will end up by identifying as well as assessing the particular limitations those the counselor has encountered in time of pursuing the counseling. Therefore, understandably the paper has two major concerns. One is to identify various definitions and chief skills of counseling and the second is to understand whether the skills have been properly applied i n the counseling session or not. In this context, it is to mention that the fundamental aspect of counseling relies on the provision of assistance in a professional level to resolve psychological issues (Moloney, 2016). The word counseling can be defined as a distinct application of mental health and principles of human development with the help of cognitive, systematic and effective intervention strategies to address mental wellness and personal growth. As per Tolan and Cameron (2016), counseling is a distinct way of assisting mentally troubled individuals to resolve various crisis associated with life through personal change, healing grief and developing the personal meaning. On the other hand, according to Meekums et al., (2016), counseling should be defined as a particular act of helping clients who are suffering from psychological complications. Therefore, in other words the definition of counseling can be put as a relationship of trust. Nevertheless, as defined by the Dictionary of counseling, counseling is a distinctly principled relationship that is characterized by the proper application of one or more than one psychological theory and at the same time a recognized set of skills of communic ation, which is modified by experience, various interpersonal factors, problems and the intimate concern of the clients. On the other hand, based on Van Deurzen and Adams (2016), the term counseling should be defined as a particular activity undertaken by the people who agree to occupy the position of a counselor. However, as argued by Fairclough (2016), the proper definition of counseling says that counseling is a service that is sought by people who are in distress and or in a degree of confusion and wish to discuss as well as resolve the issues through a confidential and disciplined relationship. In this respect, it is to mention that the practice of counseling is dealt with wellness, career, and personal growth and at the same time pathological concern. As defined by the BAC (British Association for Counseling), counseling is a principled utilization of a confidential relationship that is to make ease of emotional acceptance, optimal advancement of personal resources and self-knowledge (Lowe, 2016). It has been identified that various time counseling is defined by the aim of providing the opportuni ties to work towards living a more resourceful and satisfying life. However, the most well known definition of counseling is found to be the particular process takes place when a counselor with a mentally troubled individual set aside time for exploring various difficulties, which include stress and numerous emotions. Nevertheless, probably the most interesting percept regarding counseling is the concept that says the aspect of counseling is a wonderful invention of the twentieth-century. Following this particular percept, it can be said that counseling is cultural invention, which aids significant contribution to the standard of the lives of millions of individuals. Nonetheless, in the words of Bayne and Jangha (2016), a simple definition of counseling falls under the well known umbrella phrase of talking therapies, which says that the process of counseling makes a comfortable as well as confidential atmosphere where people can discuss their psychological and personal issues to a trained person. Henceforth, it can be said that there are different p erspectives of different scholars and institution about the predominant definition of counseling (Olsen, 2016). However, it is understandable from the above discussion that counseling is a process of giving mental support to people and sort out their psychological issues. In this context, it is required to mention that there is confusion between the definition of psychotherapy and counseling. According to Klonek et al., (2016), the definition of counseling is supported by the predominant aim of accepting assets as well as limitation in place of pursuing fundamental change in human personality. On the other hand, the definition of psychotherapy is a process of relieving a patient from distressful neurotic symptoms or discordant human characteristics those interfere the individuals satisfactory adaptation of the outside world. As mentioned in the inaugural part of the present discourse, the context is attempting to identify the predominant skills of a trained counselor. According to that, it has been identified that the basic skills that a properly trained and educated counselor should have are the skill of listening, showing empathetic response, ask questions, and make interpretations of them. According to DArcy Jr et al., (2016), the predominant skills, which every skilled counselor is required to possess are listening, attending, taking notes of the answers made by the clients and prior to that ask open-ended questions. However, as argued by McLeod (2016), a skilled counselor should have the ability to show genuine concern as well as positive and unconditional regard to the clients. More precisely, the five basic skills, which are required to be applied by every skilled counselor are empathy, listening and attending, asking open-ended questions and making proper interpretation, making self-disclosure a nd concrete communication (Almeida, 2016). The skill of empathy is to understand experience and situation of others. More precisely, the skill of empathy is to putting oneself into the condition of the others. In other words, it can be said that the role of empathy is to imagine a persons condition in a respectful manner and entering into the private world of another individual without making any judgment. The predominant symptoms of empathetic expression are open-mindedness, true commitment, accepting others opinions and imagination. As per Tolan and Cameron (2016), in order to achieve the proper ability of empathy, a person should have the capability of making verbal and non-verbal attending, making apt paraphrasing of the contents provided by the clients and reflecting upon the feelings of the clients. On the other hand, the skill of listening and attending the client is another major basic skill that is required from every skilled counselor. The skill of giving attention is to align oneself physically with the patient or the client, so the person feels that he/she is getting complete care from the counselor (Ratt et al., 2016). The requirement for applying the skills of attending is encouraging verbalizations, leaning forward, making eye contact and nods. However, the role of listening is to capture as well as perceive both formal and non-verbal communication of the client. Most significantly, in time of counseling an individual, it is a basic requirement to ask relevant open-ended questions related to the clients situation and thereafter to make proper summarization of the answers. The act of making open-ended question is essential for providing the client the opportunity to express thoughts and opinions (Goss, 2016). On the other hand, the notion of taking notes after asking questions is necessary for counselor as it helps in making proper evaluation of the answers to reach to a proper decision or solution. Nevertheless, one skill that most of the time is being overlooked is the skill of being concreteness. More precisely, the skill of concreteness is the ability to keep communications specific and focused on particular facts associated with the concerns. Nevertheless, as per Goss (2016), in terms of applying the ability of concreteness, a person should avoid making generalize comments and abstract discussions. The skill of concreteness demands some f unctions like assisting clients to identify the specific problem, reminding the patients about the tasks those are required to be pursued by them to get rid of a situation and suggesting the clients to clarify facts and feelings. Therefore, it can be said that the skills of listening and making question are related with the skill of concreteness as the accomplishment of the skills rely on the successful application of concreteness (Nadkarni et al., 2017). However, in this respect it is to mention that various times, in form of applying the skill of concrete communication, counselors required to concentrate on emphasizing on the process and the contents taken place in time of the session. The benefit of applying the skill of concreteness helps in elucidating the problem of the clients and at the same time foster the time solving procedure. The skill of making self-disclosure is an ability of an efficient counselor to share personal experiences with the patients, which would be related to the problem or situation of the client. The intention behind applying the skill is to help the client to find a positive way to avoid the consequences of the issue (Tolan Cameron, 2016). It is significant to contemplate in the context that the skill of making self-closure is considered as an advanced counseling skills and most of the time it is regarded as a challenging skill. However, from the above presented transcription, I can say that my way of applying the skill of making self-disclosure has been most satisfactory. It is my fortune that I have successfully applied the advanced counseling skill successfully. The transcription is indicative of the fact that my skill of sharing personal experiences regarding my childhood and adolescent time. I believe the application will prove fruitful in near future. On the other hand, I have understood from the transcription that I have properly showed my ability to listen and attend the patient, as it is evident from the clients expressions. However, according to my understanding and knowledge regarding the basic and advanced skills of counseling, it is unfortunate to mention here that the skill of taking notes and interpreting them properly has not been properly applied. The transcription says that I have efficiently listened to the problems of the student though did not successfully taken notes of the several sign ificant points. However, I believe that my listening ability had been effective as I can see that the student gradually started to feel more confident. On the other hand, it is fortunate to note down that it has been my continuous thrive to make the student comfortable through my expression of empathy. At the same time, most of my questions have been open-ended so that the client has the space to share his though properly. However, it is include at the final section of the discourse is that, there has been certain limitations without which; I believe the session could have been more successful. The first issue, which has bothered my session, is my own incompetence of not taking notes continuously. It is disappointing for a trained counselor like me to encounter an issue like such. Furthermore, I believe there has been the need to talk to Mikes parents though it would have been unethical for me to do so. It is because; I was bound to maintain the confidentiality. However, it has been a continuous issue for me to recommend anything to the client because various times, patients feel that their counselor imposes suggestions upon them. Therefore, I personally think twice before making suggestions for the client. Most significantly, I believe in time of making self disclosure, it has been difficult for me to decide whether my issues and experience should harm the client or not. Moreover, there has been the p ressure to decide how much of my experiences should be shared to the student client. Finally, I need to conclude that instead of the fact that I have started doing the counseling only after getting consent from the guardian, it has been difficult for me to get the permission specifically from the students father. However, instead of all these constraints, I believe my session has gone well. References Almeida, N. (2016). A short introduction to counselling. Bayne, H. B., Jangha, A. (2016). Utilizing Improvisation to Teach Empathy Skills in Counselor Education.Counselor Education and Supervision,55(4), 250-262. DArcy Jr, J. R., Stiles, W. B., Hanley, T. (2016). 2 The Online Calming Effect: Does the Internet Provide a More Comfortable Modality for Conducting Psychotherapy?.THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL NETWORKING, 17. Fairclough, S. L. (2016).The effects of the Student Success Skills program on the behavioral and cognitive engagement of grade 5 Exceptional Student Education students(Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University). Goss, A. (2016).Attitudes of Support Workers in Learning Disability Services towards Counselling Psychology(Doctoral dissertation, City, University of London). Klonek, F. E., Wunderlich, E., Spurk, D., Kauffeld, S. (2016). Motivational interviewing meets career counseling: An observational study of verbal counselor skills and client ambivalence.Journal of Vocational Behavior,94, 28-38. Lowe, C. (2016).Measuring the self-perceived transformational leadership skills of school counselors: A comparison across settings(Doctoral dissertation, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA). McLeod, J. (2016).Using research in counselling and psychotherapy. Sage. Meekums, B., Macaskie, J., Kapur, T. (2016). Developing skills in counselling and psychotherapy: a scoping review of Interpersonal Process Recall and Reflecting Team methods in initial therapist training.British Journal of Guidance Counselling,44(5), 504-515. Moloney, L. (2016).Defining and delivering effective counselling and psychotherapy. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Nadkarni, A., Weobong, B., Weiss, H. A., McCambridge, J., Bhat, B., Katti, B., Wilson, G. T. (2017). Counselling for Alcohol Problems (CAP), a lay counsellor-delivered brief psychological treatment for harmful drinking in men, in primary care in India: a randomised controlled trial.The Lancet,389(10065), 186-195. Olsen, J. A. (2016).An examination of factors that relate to school counselors' knowledge and skills of multi-tiered systems of support(Doctoral dissertation, THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE). Ratt, J., Dubois, A., Caouette, L., Roussin, C., Goyer, L. (2016). A Haven for Suffering: Second Experiential Cooperative Research Study on the Foundations of Counselling and Psychotherapy.Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy/Revue canadienne de counseling et de psychothrapie,50(3s). Tolan, J., Cameron, R. (2016).Skills in Person-centred counselling psychotherapy. Sage. Tolan, J., Cameron, R. (2016).Skills in Person-centred counselling psychotherapy. Sage. Van Deurzen, E., Adams, M. (2016).Skills in existential counselling psychotherapy. Sage.

Bombardier Aerospace Case Study

Introduction Bombardier aerospace is a division of Bombardier Incorporation that deals with the production of aircrafts. In the past, the company has been among the leaders in production of business jets as well as regional aircrafts. Nevertheless, there has been dynamics in the customer tastes and preferences thus requiring rather customized aircrafts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bombardier Aerospace Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the same note, the issue of global warming has brought about new dimensions in the requirements of aircrafts. Moreover, there has been increased competition among aircraft manufacturers each seeking to offer the most comfortable aircraft at the lowest cost. The Bombardier case study focuses at the case of Bombardier aerospace and how the company deals with the challenges in the aircraft industry. Analysis of the Industry The aircraft industry is a very competitive i ndustry with each player aiming at maximizing its revenues and profit margins. Planning in advance after taking into consideration the changing tastes and preferences, is critical. This is the reason why Bombardier plans to introduce new aircrafts into the market. The Cseries generation of aircrafts is not only aimed at enhancing market share, but also at offering better services than its competitors. Nevertheless, the market is highly unpredictable and certain unprecedented issues can lead to far reaching effects in the industry hindering individual plans. The September 11th terrorist attack for example highly reduced demand of flights as well as demand of aircrafts. Moreover, disease outbreak in one region can cause a sharp decline in demand all over the world. The company has seen substantial growth over the years with its production increasing tremendously. It can be shown that since 1974 to 2006 the average production has been increasing despite the fact that there are some yea rs when production actually declined. Demand of aircrafts is projected to grow up to year 2025. It is important to note that due to the introduction of the hubs-and-spokes routes network means that the demand for small aircrafts with the capacity of between 80 and 120 will increase sharply. This is an opportunity for Bombardier to increase its market share given that this directly increases demand of its products since it majorly specializes in the production of this aircrafts. On the same note, contribution of Bombardier aerospace to bombardier Inc. is quite significant and remains high compared to the other division. Moreover, total revenue of Bombardier aerospace has been increasing on average over the years despite small variations.  Cost is a crucial factor in the manufacturing of aircrafts given the fact that each airline company wants an aircraft that is cheaper to maintain and fuel.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, comfort is also vital and balancing between the two aspects in a single aircraft has been a challenge. To solve the problem, Bombardier produces two types of aircraft: CRJ which has a turbo-reaction engine thus fuel –efficient and comfortable, and the Q-series which has a turbo-propulsion engine thus requiring less maintenance costs. Another challenge of Bombardier is the frequent change in management especially since 1992. The frequent changes are highly likely to affect implementation of organizational strategy since each person could be having different policies. It is crucial to note that, consistence is vital for the success of any organization.  The firm operates in an industry that requires heavy initial capital investments for a new entrant. To a certain extent this has been a hindrance to new firms that would have liked to venture into the market. Nevertheless, there have been moves by several countri es to enter the market. The main reasons behind these moves have been noted as being national interests as well as the high potential in the industry. Some of these countries include China, Japan and Russia. This is a threat to Bombardier given that firms in some of these countries are the main parts suppliers of Bombardier and therefore some vital information regarding the industry and plans of the company. Moreover, the problem is escalated by the fact that global demand is shifting towards BRIC countries at a very high rate.  The main strategic objective of the company is to become a global leader in the manufacturing of aircrafts and everything possible is done to achieve this. The announcement that the company was planning to introduce new and arguably more efficient Cseries aircrafts is a move towards ensuring that the firm maintains its leadership in aircraft manufacturing. Nevertheless, one cannot be confident because there is a possibility that other firms in the industry are silently planning their moves. In this industry it is not possible to monitor the moves of a rival. Main Problem Facing Bombardier As any other player in the industry, Bombardier recycles the technology it uses in production of its aircrafts. Most of the technology in production has remained the same over the years with slight modifications. This has brought the dilemma of the Cseries with skeptics saying that the aircrafts will be just like the old ones. In the aircraft industry, recycling of aircrafts and technology used to manufacture the aircrafts is the order of the day Despite the increasingly changing customer demands as regards tastes and preferences, Bombardier has shown little or no efforts in coming up with new technology in manufacturing of aircrafts. The same old technology is just modified a bit and a new aircraft is released to the market. Nevertheless, there is increasing technological discoveries in various sectors of the economy including the aircraft industry .Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bombardier Aerospace Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For efficiency to be attained in any given scenario, cutting age technology is crucial. Investment in research and development is therefore an important part of any organization in this age of globalization. However, though a lot of money is injected into research and development in Bombardier Aerospace, there is no new technology that has been developed for a very long time. It is crucial, however, to note that the outsourcing of some services like Bombardier does is one move to ensure that new technologies are integrated into production of commodities. Nonetheless, not all services are outsourced and not all outsources services are delivered at the latest technology. Therefore, it is upon any company to ensure that its research and development department comes up with new improved technologies. For the case of Bo mbardier, critics have learnt that the firm uses its old technology and this is not good for the business. Rivals can take that opportunity and increase their competition. This is a serious threat that management needs to emphasize on. Strategic Alignment Each organization aims at enhancing it strategy so as to take full advantage of the market. However, for any strategy to succeed there should be commitment from each stakeholder and especially employees. On the same note, the strategy should take into consideration the external and internal environment in which the country is operating. As a result any firm will need to align its structures and its strategy to the prevailing external environment. This process is referred to as strategic alignment and it is crucial in ensuring that a firm’s performance is improved.  It should be noted that understanding the goals and visions of an organization is the first and arguably most crucial stage in accomplishment of the goals. It h as been noted that people will work better when they understand and appreciate the goals of their company. Similarly, knowing what impact one’s individual efforts make to the general organization will increase the willingness of one to work hard. The main strategic objective of Bombardier is to become a global leader in the production of small aircrafts. As a result, each and every structure should be aimed at enhancing this objective. Therefore, the announcement of a new and more efficient Cseries aircrafts is a very good move at achieving this objective. The company has taken the move ahead of other market players which is crucial for any market leader.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Without strategic alignment, the probability of loosing focus of the main goals of the business is high. Strategic alignment ensures that there is connection between individual and corporate goals so that each person and structure is committed towards success of the firm. Given the competition that exists in the aircraft industry, a firm cannot afford to assume strategic alignment. Each firm is aiming to beat its competitors and increase its market share. As a result, it is upon each firm to take the lead if it has to gain. Different Decision Making Methods There are different strategic decision making ways that are used in any organization. Among the major ways is the group decision making method. Bombardier had a group of people that were involved in overseeing the process of Cseries production. Even after the project was halted for a period of time still there were 50 people left with that task. Group decision making has various advantages which include objectivity as individual feelings will be eliminated. Moreover, the possibility of diversity in information in a group ensures that decisions made by a group are of high quality. However, this method also has various disadvantages which include increased time before the group can reach a consensus regarding something. Moreover, there is a possibility of some people fearing to express their minds in the fear of being the only ones against the group.  Another strategic decision making method is Participative decision-making where all employees are allowed to contribute to the decision making process. This method is crucial because it creates a sense of belonging among employees which increases their morale and hence output. Moreover, this enhances teamwork in an organization and commitment of employees towards organizational success. The main drawback of this method is that it is sometimes difficult to clearly know the motive of management to include employees in the decision making process. Moreover, it ta kes a lot of time to collect the contributions of every stakeholder before making a decision and this cannot be used in critical situations. Trivial but Crucial Decisions There are several decisions made by Bombardier that seem to be trivial from the outset but which have far reaching effects on the firm. Choose for example the decision to announce that the firm is planning to bring into the market a new generation of aircrafts named the Cseries. After some period of time the management of Bombardier announces that it has halted its plan citing that the time is not the right one. This may seem as a very casual announcement but it has complicated effects. To begin with, the announcement can make competitors aware of the moves that are likely to be taken by the firm as well as the time frame. Competitors can use this to shock the company by moving faster and producing equivalent aircrafts. Moreover, halting the process may send the wrong information that the firm has not been able to come up exactly with what it wanted or that there are some internal problems that hinder success of the project. As depicted, already critics have pointed out lack of technological improvement as a possible cause for the delay. This decision can impact on the firm to the extent of compelling the firm to redesign its strategy. Challenges in Developing Aircrafts Aircraft production is very complicated. Firstly, aircrafts are made up of very many parts which require different level of expertise. However, it is very difficult to have all the required technology in one firm and this call for outsourcing. Nonetheless, one has little control over the outsourced services and this increases production time. On the same note, aircraft production is a very expensive exercise that requires heavy capital investment and this can be a problem to acquire. Furthermore, there is a lot of competition in aircraft production and some countries support their own manufacturing firms. This leads to unfair competition that affects players in the industry. Strategies Used by Bombardier Bombardier applies different strategies at different levels of its business. At the corporate level, Bombardier applies global strategy because the demand for aircrafts is more or less global. Cultural beliefs do not have much impact in the aircraft industry while customer taste and preferences are rather universal. Consequently, the company can afford to use one strategy for every country to which it supplies aircrafts. This can be depicted by the fact that the firm has centralized manufacturing units. This strategy is crucial in the aircraft industry since it allows a firm to benefit from economies of scale.  However, on the business level the firm uses integrated differentiation and cost leadership approach. This is depicted from the fact that bombardier aims at producing aircrafts that are fuel efficient and cheaper to maintain. On the same note, Bombardier has differentiated its products into two major categories so as to take care of the diversity in demand. This approach is crucial as it ensures that the firm is able to take advantage of any opportunity that comes along. It is important to note that not all people really care about cost. There are some people to whom comfort is crucial than cost. The integrated approach enables the firm to diversify its aircrafts. Recommendations Technology is the driving force in the world nowadays given the current wave of globalization. Therefore, it would be crucial for Bombardier Aerospace to ensure that it comes up with new technologies in the production of aircrafts. This will increase consumer confidence and therefore increase its demand. On the same note, stability in management is crucial for the success of the firm. Consequently, there is need to decrease the frequency with which top management is changed. 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Language Essays - Language, Learning To Read, Lexicography

Language Essays - Language, Learning To Read, Lexicography Grichikhina Anastasia Group 31 III MO 22/11/15 Summary Language The article Language by John Ayto observes the issue of evolution of the English language and how it has changed in connection with the constantly developing social environment. The author analyses the current condition of the English language and presents several ways in which it is evolving. Firstly, John Ayto recognizes the spread of the English language and a great number of its users and various spheres where it is actively used. He states that this situation is caused by the spread of universal education and literacy worldwide in the 19th and 20th centuries. Secondly, the author notices that words are mirror of their times. Moreover, he adds that by analyzing the spheres in which the vocabulary of a language is expanding in a given period, people can form a precise impression of the main preoccupations of society at that time. John Ayto provides such examples as the implementation of military vocabulary after the Second World War, vocabulary concerning destruction of the environment which emerged in the 1970s et cetera. Thirdly, the narrator touches upon the issue of rehabilitation of the words that have been forbidden to speak aloud for some time, and also some books which have been banned for many years because of the usage of so-called Anglo-Saxon words and notorious four-letter words. So, the author points out the tendency to upgrade the status and acceptability of spoken English. However, there is a contrary trend that shows a wide-spread introduction of euphemisms which are used instead of the words which were considered normal and non-offending just a century ago, especially those concerning the issue of race. Finally, the author points out five ways in which new words are created. It happens by creating new meanings of old words, then by producing blends, by converting words to initials, by borrowing words from other languages and by coining new words out of nothing, All in all, the main idea of this article is that every significant change in history always has a fingerprint in our language which is the best way to reflect the spirit of the age.

General psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

General psychology - Essay Example However, if this stage is not successfully resolved the adolescent will continue to feel lost and unguided during adulthood. In contrast Marcia expanding on Erikson's theory of psychosocial development adding new stages that he believed adolescents chronologically progress through. Erikson believed that adolescents are heavily influenced by their peers and role models. These influences may hinder the development of the self. Marcia expanded Erikson's theory on psychosocial development. Marcia believed that adolescents experienced four identity statuses. Moreover Marcia believed that adolescents can be divided into categories of the egos identity statuses based upon their experiences. In contrast to Erikson Marcia believed that adolescents face another stage of identity development based upon their chronological development. This stage can be determined if the adolescent has experienced a crisis and formed a commitment. Adolescents that have achieved a crisis and formed a commitment are considered to have achieved an identity. Adolescents that do not perceive social norms and rules established by parents, teachers or other authority figures are deemed in the foreclosure stage.

Overview of Labor Relations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Overview of Labor Relations - Research Paper Example Dissatisfied employees can involve in counterproductive activities such as theft, poor service, and sabotage among others. Research has shown that when employees are not satisfied, they experience tension, depression, and complain of stiffness in muscles and joints. This indicates that companies that apply procedural justice and distributive justice promote job satisfaction among the employees. The workers become more dedicated and committed to their service rendering, because they feel appreciated, and acknowledged. One feels pleased when his or her job is praised. This makes the employee more determined than ever to deliver up to the maximum for the sake of the company. Through procedural and distribution justice workers acquire job satisfaction which gives them peace to work, and make the company grow. Research indicates that when workers are not satisfied, the company will experience a high turnover intention where workers will look for new jobs elsewhere, or others may think of quitting. Companies that apply both procedural and distributive justice are likely to maintain their staff. This promotes the company’s policies because good skills and professionalism is maintained. Cost of hiring workers after a short period is decreased, and the growth of the firm becomes a priority. Bush (2009) indicates that management should therefore, embrace organizational justice policies so as to increase job satisfaction, commitment and reduce turnover intention. A good rapport is experienced between the management and the subordinates, and unity among the employees themselves. The company becomes more of a community than just a working place. Workers feel identified with the organization they are working for, because animosity and hatred is not experienced. The use of justice creates a strong foundation of cooperation and serves as a base for a better environment for interaction. If workers are treated unfairly, their incentives will be hindered, and they may work against each other’s interest. This may result in to conflicts and unstable interdependence between the employees and management. Fear and intimidation replaces the confidence, eventually, affecting production. Justice therefore, influences performance, improves information sharing, personal relationships, and planning becomes more efficient and efficient. This confirms that procedural and distributive justice has a positive implication on the company policies. Question 2 Mother Jones was born on first August eighteen thirty seven in Cork Island. She learned the skills of dressmaking. Jones met and married George, and they had four children who later died of yellow fever. During this period, women led quiet lives, and were committed to their families, but Jones went everywhere she pleased expressing herself publicly, something that was not allowed thereafter becoming the mother of the down trodden. She was a prominent labor, and community organizer serving in the united mine workers union. Research indicates that being a good speaker, she made her speeches with stories, humor and audience participation. She organized mine workers, and their families against the mine owners. Fetherling (2010), suggest that in 1903, Jones led children who were working in mills, and mines to demonstrate, demanding to go to school, and not to work, and

Identification of Finger Prints, Blood and DNA

Identification of Finger Prints, Blood and DNA INTRODUCTION Forensic science is widely used in the service of the justice system (Jackson). It has helped in solving cases by providing important clues and evidences. The usage of forensics in solving crime cases is inevitable. Forensic sciences is used in various areas like fingerprinting, DNA profiling, blood stain detection and many more. From the early days of complicated body measurements to todays sophisticated biometric devices, the identification of individuals by their bodies has been a mainstay of government and law enforcement. Computerized databases like AFIS now make it possible to compare thousands, or in the case of the FBI, millions of fingerprints in minutes. With the advancements in DNA detecting mechanisms, blood stains in the scenes of crimes have also become one of the most important evidences. After a homicide or an assault has been committed, police investigators usually find blood at the scene of the crime. This gives them clues as to what happened during that incident. The bloods texture and shape and how it is distributed around the victim often help investigators determine when and how the crime was committed. A number of techniques have been developed for the identification of fingerprints and blood stains in the crime scene. EVOLUTION IN FINGERPRINTING TECHNIQUES: In the mid-1950s fingerprinting was done using the dangerous mercury-based white powder, a coarse graphite-based black powder and squirrel-hair brushes. With a burst of innovation concerning fingerprint evidence as part of the crime investigation, ninhydrin test was developed. This method is extremely efficient on paper items, especially if the stock solution is added to fluorisol, which prevents writing on the paper from smudging. Ninhydrin reacts with the amino acids in perspiration, producing red, brown, or purple imprints; this is a most successful method of investigating check fraud. During the last decade, other techniques for discovering latent imprints have been developed. These include Super Glue, physical developer, small particle reagent, lasers, metal deposition, Sudan black, amido black, thermoplastic fingerprint powders and radioactive sulfur dioxide. Exceptional powders are available with greatly improved fingerprint brushes to help lots in fingerprinting. DFO is a recent improvement on ninhydrin, providing up to 300% more finger and palm imprints. One other advancement in this area is the use of photoluminescence. Fingerprint luminescence excitation initially used lasers, but filtered lamps are employed as well. This technology helps the forensic scientist to take a picture of the fingerprints immediately at the crime scene. Computers are now used throughout the world for maintaining and searching files of imprints and fingerprints of offenders found at crime scenes. Computer searches of crime scene imprints provide excellent results. The computer blasts through complete collections at fantastic speed, possibly scanning millions of digits, but there is no promise that the offender who made the imprints is not in the collection if identification is not made. Bio-metrics especially fingerprints has become one of the main areas of research. EVOLUTION IN BLOOD STAIN DETECTION TECHNIQUES: Blood is one of the most common physical evidences which is present in murder cases, accidents and violent crime investigations. A determination must be made if it really is blood. Eventhough there have been various tests to detect the presence of blood, the widely used tests are Kastle-Meyer test and the Luminol Test. Luminol is first activated with an oxidant, usually a solution of hydrogen peroxide and a hydroxide salt in water. Then, in the presence of a protein present in blood called hemoglobin, the hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form oxygen and water. Luminol reacts with the hydroxide salt, leading to the formation of a dianion. The oxygen produced from the hydrogen peroxide then reacts with the luminol dianion. This reaction produces an organic peroxide, which is very unstable and hence it immediately decomposes with loss of nitrogen to produce 3-aminophthalic acid (3- APA) in an excited state. As 3-APA relaxes, it releases a visible blue light. Luminol is sensitive to the presence of extremely small amounts of blood. It can detect bloodstains that have been diluted up to 300,000 times. The KM Test is a presumptive test which is used to check the presence of hemoglobin using phenolphthaleins color change in the presence of oxygen. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA: FINGER PRINTING THEORY: Fingerprints often leave residues of oils in the shape of the friction ridges. However, the friction ridge skin does not secrete oils. Some fingerprints will leave a residue of amino acids and other compounds. These principles make dusting techniques to develop fingerprints. (Finger print Powder- Wikipedia the free encyclopedia) CLASSIFICATION OF FINGER PRINT PATTERNS: The following table contains the finger print patterns for the fingers and toes: Right Hand: Thumb:Â  Whorl Index Finger:Â  Whorl Middle Finger: Loop Ring Finger:Â  Whorl Small Finger:Â  Whorl Left Hand: Thumb: Arch Index Finger: Whorl Middle Finger: Loop Ring Finger: Loop Small Finger: Loop The toe prints are all arch expect for the ring toe in the right leg which is whorl. The fingerprints using ink pad for the fingers and toes can be found in Annex C. DIFFERENCE IN PATTERNS BETWEEN FINGERS: The pattern in all the fingers except the left thumb is whorl. This might be the case because the environmental factors within the fetus would have been same for the fingers and hence there is not much change in the pattern between the fingers. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HANDS AND TOES: The finger prints in the hands are very easy to identify when compared to the toes. This is because the fingers are big enough for us to deposit the prints properly. However, the legs are small and since we dont use them like fingers it is very difficult to deposit it even while using the ink pad. Since the whole bodys pressure is on the toe, too much of pressure was applied on the paper by it. Hence the prints werent clear. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OLD AND NEW PRINTS: The old prints are not as bright as the new prints. The old print gets exposed to the atmosphere and hence they react with the air. Hence parts of the print vanish. Hence it is not as evident as the new print. However, the old prints is good enough for matching 16 positions on the finger print and thus easy to the catch the criminal. The old big toe prints deposited wasnt seen when developed by both the magnetic powder as well as the black powder. This is because the print wasnt deposited properly. Too much of sweat on the print made the prints to be smudged when the powders where used to detect their presence. Hence the prints were seen very faintly. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN METHODOLOGIES: The black powder had to be done very carefully since two much of powder made the finger prints to smudge. The magnetic powder was easy in a way because excess magnetic powder could be removed easily. However, the dusting had to be done slowly and such that that the brush wasnt too close to the finger print in order to get the print properly. The ninhydrin test was very easy because we didnt have much to do for it. However, many of my friends prints were pale. This might have been because they didnt apply enough pressure on their papers when they deposited the prints. Since I had applied so much moisture, the finger prints smudged badly and the prints werent clear. Hence I had to repeat the process again. However, the next I exerted too much pressure on the paper which made the fingers to sweat too much leading to smudging. Also the amount of time given to register the finger prints was too less. Out of the three methodologies used in this lab I find the ninhydrin solution test to be the most efficient one. This is because for because the human influence in this method was very less. Since we were beginners in this lab, we didnt have a proper idea of how much powder had to be used for these methods. Thus I prefer the ninhydrin solution method for fingerprinting especially for beginners. FINGER PRINT LIFTING: The dusting for finger printing lifting was done using the magnetic powder since excess powder could be easily taken away. However, when I lifted it the first time, a lot of air bubbles where formed which made half of the finger prints to vanish. Also since I had not given enough time for my finger prints to settle the prints werent clear when dusting. Hence I tried to avoid these when I lifted the second time. I pressed gently and allowed the prints and gave some time so that the prints to settle. While using the tape I made sure there were no bubbles. Hence I was able to lift a proper print of my right thumb finger using the lifter. IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD STAINS: THEORY: The Kastle-Meyer test is a forensic presumptive test which is used to examine if the dried stains in a violent crime scene is composed of blood. The test is based on the peroxide-mediated oxidation of reduced phenolphthalein. In this reaction the heme molecule acts as a catalyst. The chemical indicator used in this test is phenolphthalein C20H14O4, a common acid-base indicator which turns pink, in basic solutions with a pH of approximately 8 or higher.. Phenolphthalein, a clear dye, immediately turns pink if oxidized by hemoglobin and hydrogen peroxide. There are three reagents involved in this test. To increase the sensitivity of the test the reagent, Methyl or Ethyl alcohol is used. It does this by cleaning up the area in and around the bloodstain to better expose the hemoglobin. Phenolphthalein, the second reagent acts as a color indicator. This solution when oxidized (exposed to oxygen), turns pink. Hydrogen Peroxide is the 3% form typically found in drugstores. Hydrogen peroxide is essentially water with an extra oxygen atom attached to it. These chemical reactions are further stated using the following equations: This test is nondestructive to the sample. Hence the sample can be kept and used in further tests at the lab. This test has the same reaction with human blood and animal blood. So, further investigation is required to determine whether it is human or animal blood. ANALYSIS: The blood stain turned pink instantly after adding all the three reagents stating the presence of blood. When the reagents where added to copper powder, it turned pink even before the addition of the hydrogen peroxide showing giving a false result . Thus it is vitally important to add the reagent first, then wait a few seconds, then add the hydrogen peroxide. Ketchup didnt change at all showing the absence of hemoglobin. Whereas, cabbage solution turned yellow. Beetroot and ribena solutions turned colourless due to their neutral nature with very very slight pink tinge occurring due to their natural colour. Hence except for copper there werent any false positive tests in the samples which were recognized. LIMITATIONS: Eventough Kastle-Meyer test can detect blood upto dilutions of 1:107, there are many limitations for this test. In the presence of vegetable peroxidases, like in horseradish, broccoli, cauliflower, etc. the test gives a false positive result. Oxidizing species present in the sample also causes this test to fail. (Kastle-Meyer test:Limitations) For example when this test was performed for copper powder the Kastle-Meyer reagent turned pink even before hydrogen peroxide was added to it. Thus it is very much important that we wait for a few seconds after the reagent is added and then only we need to add hydrogen peroxide. The Kastle-Meyer test gives positive results to both human blood as well as animal blood. In general, it gives a positive result to all hemoglobin containing blood.. In order to ensure that the blood is really from a human species, a confirmatory test such as the Ouchterlony Test is performed. (Kastle-Meyer test:Limitations) In short, color catalytic tests are very sensitive in nature. The negative results from these tests show that these samples do not hemoglobin and so it is not blood. However, the positive results need not be correct in all cases. It is noteworthy to mention here that false positive tests occur due to the presence of a reducing agents, animal blood, peroxidases and many more. (Kastle-Meyer test:Limitations) FINGER PRINT PATTERNS IN IDENTICAL TWINS: When a fertilized egg splits into two, it leads to a development of two embryos. This leads to the development of Identical twins. Since the twins are formed from the same egg, their DNA is identical. The interactions between the environment in the fetus and the genes, plays an important role in the fingerprints and the appearance of a person. The environmental factors include blood pressure, nutrition, etc. (Twins Fingerprints: Identical Twins and fingerprints) The genes thus play an important role in depicting the fingerprint patterns in humans. The skin of the finger is in contact with various parts of the fetus and anionic fluids in the uterus. The interactions between the fingers and these parts changes due to the movement of the fetus and the mother. Thus this microenvironment plays an important role in the details of the fingerprint patterns. (Why Identical Twins have Di) Though there are only minimal changes in the environment, the differentiating cells make the differences in the fingerprint pattern to be seen evidently. All these reasons make fingerprint patterns in the twins to be different. This also makes fingerprints between the finger and the toes from being the same. (Why Identical Twins have Di) Eventhough after birth, identical twins just look the same they also have a few physical differences for e.g. moles which help in distinguishing one from the other. These physical differences amplify day by day and become greatly evident. CONCLUSION: Fingerprinting by dusting and ninhydrin solutions help in lifting them properly. It makes sure that none of the fingerprints in the crime scene is unnoticed. However, it is important to note that these techniques should be done only by people who are very experienced. Kastle-Meyer test helps in identification of blood stains but it also gives false positive tests. Hence the samples should be analyzed once again to check the presence of blood in it. The lab was very enriching and gave a true picture of what is done by forensic scientists at the crime scene.