John Lockes Political Philosophy - 752 Words

John Locke is one of the most influential political philosophers of the modern era. He is a strong-minded empiricist whom expresses radical views about law and order. Locke is a fascinating figure in the history of law and order whose excellence of elucidation and depth of intellectual activity remains extremely influential. His mature political philosophy leant support to the British Whig party and its principles, to the Age of Enlightenment, and to the development of the separation of the State and Church in the American Constitution as well as to the rise of human rights theories in the Twentieth Century. John Locke’s political philosophy influenced law and order through his ideas of the natural foundation of reason, moral role of government and the right to private property. In his political philosophy John Locke proposes that natural law can be discovered by reason alone and applies to all people. Locke insists that God gave us our ability to reason to help us in the search for truth. He believes that since we are Gods’ creations, we know that we must protect ourselves. To aid us, God created in us a natural disinclination to misery and a desire for happiness, so we avoid things that cause us pain and seek out pleasure instead. We can reason that since we are all equally God’s children, God must want happiness for all. If one person makes another unhappy, they have therefore rejected God’s will. Consequently, each person has the obligation to preserve other people asShow MoreRelatedAge Of Enlightenment755 Words   |  4 Pagesintellectual thinkers, such as John Locke, which helped shape and influence modern government and politics. John Locke is recognized as the father of classical liberalism, introducing the Two Treatises of Gove rnment, Social Contract, and private property, which formed the basis for the constitutions in westernized democratic powers such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom. The Two Treatises of Government became the most influential pieces of work that John Locke had created during theRead MoreBusiness Ethics: John Locke Essay1696 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Ethics: John Locke Business Ethics Business ethics is defined as â€Å"a specialized study of moral right and wrong that focusses on moral standards as they apply to business institutions, organizations, and behavior† (Velasquez, 2014, p.15). Business ethics is the study of moral standards that focusses primarily on how these standards may apply to social systems and/or organizations. For this paper I will be focusing on one of the great minds of business ethics, John Locke, his ideas andRead More John Locke Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke John Locke is considered to be England’s most prominent philosopher. He was born August 29, 1632 in a small town of Somerset, which is south of Bristol, England. Locke was the oldest of three children. His mother died when he was 22 years old and Locke spoke of her very well. Locke’s father was a Puritan attorney and clerk to a justice of the peace in the town where Locke was born. He was very strict with his son when he was younger. which Locke later believed that parents shouldRead MoreAnalysis Of John Locke s The Of The Golden Era Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagesdoor to the Renaissance and William Shakespeare treated us to the best writings and plays in the English language. Likewise, John Locke is a man who accomplished what many men could not. He single handedly developed a political system that had a focus on liberty, his work would help influence many men from both sides of the Atlantic. Aside from being a brilliant political theorist, Locke was an autho r who wrote many outstanding writings. He is remembered as being one of the best English philosophersRead MoreJohn Locke s Influence On The United States1162 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke was one of the most revolutionary political thinkers of the seventeenth century, and possibly of all time. His ideas regarding natural rights had major effects on almost every western society, most notably the United States. Locke’s ideas were crucial in the crafting of the United States Constitution and more importantly, the creation of American culture, both social, governmental, and economic. Locke was the inspiration for the three branch government system in America along with theRead MoreThe Human Nature Aspects Of Self Interest846 Words   |  4 Pagesrights for protection. This new idea of him was a big key in the philosopher who followed him and elaborated on his theories of rights. Hobbes is remembered for his work on political philosophy, however, he did contribute to many other area; including geometry, history, physics, ethics, political science and general philosophy with many more areas. Nonetheless Hobbes is remembered by the human nature aspects of self interest which is the work other philosopher studied and advanced. Hobbes also mentionsRead MoreHobbes and Locke: Comparing and Contrasting Political Philosophies1738 Words   |  7 Pages(A) Comparing and contrasting the political philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are comparable in their basic political ideologies about man and their rights in the state of nature before they enter a civil society. Their political ideas are very much similar in that regard. The resemblance between Hobbes and Locke’s philosophies are based on a few characteristics of the state of nature and the state of man. Firstly, in the state of nature both Hobbes and LockeRead MoreJohn Locke s The Second Treatise Of Civil Government977 Words   |  4 PagesMadeline Boche Dr. Thorn Philosophy 1301.040 24 March 2017 John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government In John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government, Locke discusses what the moral state of nature is and rejects the idea of a â€Å"divine right of kings.† John Locke was a product of the best schools in England and had a heavy impact on Western thought through his writings. As a Christ Church graduate, Locke largely discusses in his writings the state of nature, the concept of naturalRead MoreThe Three Political Philosophy Quotes1177 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment types were most influenced by these 3 philosophers. They each have their outstanding quotes to support and present their ideas. The three political philosophy quotes by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Karl Marx each is the best example for â€Å"absolutism†, â€Å"enlightenment and natural rights† and â€Å"communism†. In addition, the 3 different types of philosophy each applies to distinct type of governments. Thomas Hobbes believes in one common power which relates to monarchy. In Hobbes’s quote, Hobbes usesRead MoreJohn Locke : The Most Influential Philosophical And Political Thinker917 Words   |  4 Pagesto Locke John Locke â€Å"proved to be the most influential philosophical and political thinker of the seventeenth century† (Kagen 213). He lived in a period of great political change; Locke’s upbringing came to influence his philosophies, and these ideas had much significance in regards to the Enlightenment. Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in Wrington, Somerset (John Locke 9: 478). Early on came the outbreak of the English Civil War. Anglican and possessing Puritan sympathies, Locke’s father fought

A Thematic Literature Review Low Income Single Mothers

A Thematic Literature Review Low-income Single Mothers Shagana Vijayaratnam SOCI 2030_B 2015-16 Professor L. Goldring TA G. Kilicaslan November 1, 2015 Literature Review Statement: This literature review will focus on the different types of struggles that low-income single mothers face. This review will include a broad overview of the published literature on the issues of welfare, childcare and employment that low-income single mothers challenge. The review will depict the difficulty low-income single mother’s face in term of raising a child on their own and the lack of support that they receive. Poverty amongst low-income single mothers is caused by lack of financial aid. Low-income single mothers endure the hardship of raising a child and paying numerous bills for survival with such minimal assistance. Welfare The notion of welfare is very prevalent in majority of the low-income single mother’s lives as this is probably their only essential income for a living. The dependence on welfare has become very high as finding a job is becoming increasingly more difficult. The very negative aspect of welfare is the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), which helps women financially for a small period of time. During this time women are expected to find a job and in many cases women do not find a job leaving them unemployed and strained from welfare income. The procedure in finding a job is very difficult as there are manyShow MoreRelatedA Comparison of Methods in Business Research3572 Words   |  15 PagesStudy Definition It is an understatement that there is confusion among students, teachers and researchers about the definition of case study research. In this essay, I use the definition as follows: A case study is a study in which (a) one case (single case study) or a small number of cases (comparative case study) in their real life context are selected, and (b) scores obtained from these cases are analysed in a qualitative manner.(Dul amp; Hak, 2008). Advantages The case study method involvesRead MoreThesis, Term Paper, Essay, Research Paper21993 Words   |  88 Pageshigh incidence of teenage pregnancy despite the intervention strategies that have been put in place. In 1990 approximately 530,000 teenagers in the United States became pregnant, 51% of whom gave birth (Coley Chase-Lansdale, 1998). Available literature suggests that fertility rates in developing countries have declined in the past two decades (Dickson, 2002; Caldwell Caldwell, 2002). It is argued that due to changing socio-political circumstances, women have reassessed the timing of childbirthRead MoreThe Impact of the Implementation of Single Exit Pricing for Pharmaceuticals in South Africa11827 Words   |  48 Pagesimplementation of single exit pricing for pharmaceuticals in South Africa Daleen Pretorius A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration Johannesburg, 2011 ABSTRACT Pricing regulations have been implemented within the pharmaceutical industry in South Africa to ensure improved access to healthcare. The implementation of the Single Exit PriceRead MoreThe Conceptual Framework For A Research Based Diet And Physical Activity Interventions5466 Words   |  22 PagesChapter 2: Literature Review The conceptual framework for this research is based on studies conducted over periods of 6 months to 6 years, the strength of evidence is high that school-based diet and physical activity interventions with a home component or school based combination interventions with a home component prevent obesity or overweight (Wang, 2005). The strength of evidence is moderate that school-based interventions contribute to obesity prevention (Sharma, 2012). The strength of evidenceRead MoreImproving Health, Gender Equality, Peace, And Stability3188 Words   |  13 Pagescommon practice in Zambia that the boy will receive education while the girl will be sidelined if the parents have to decide on whom to send to school when dictated upon by various constraints. This is the case in most rural based families with little income. Although the trend does exist in urban areas, it is more prevalent in rural areas. Consequently, there is inequality in leadership, trade, health and many other areas of li fe. This report discusses how gender inequality in female education comparesRead MoreBusiness Strategies Of Tesco PLC24572 Words   |  99 PagesInstitution concerned. DEDICATIONS I dedicate this thesis to my late grandfather, â€Å"Haji Fazal Elahi†, who has always been a source of inspiration for me throughout my life. I will also like to appreciate the sacrifices, love and devotion of my mother, â€Å"Tayyaba Tahira†, my younger brother â€Å"Muhammad Mohsin Riaz† without these three people in my life; I would not have been able to achieve this milestone. 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LOCAL LITERATURE Social Acceptance According to Teroso (2002) Inmates ought to be castrated socially and if at all they are to be released, they should come out harmlessRead MoreSupporting the Development of English Literacy in English Language Learners22851 Words   |  92 Pagesand in life. Yet far too many children fail to meet their potential. Many students, especially those from poor and minority families, are placed at risk by school practices that sort some students into high-quality programs and other students into low-quality education. 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Active Audiences the Construction of Meaning Free Essays

Active Audiences the Construction of Meaning â€Å"Media messages are central to everyday lives†¦ Audiences are active interpreters of meaning. † â€Å"Audiences interpret media in diverse ways. †(255-256). We will write a custom essay sample on Active Audiences the Construction of Meaning or any similar topic only for you Order Now People in the media industry believe that the audience is a mass of passive readers who accept media messages uncritically. Nevertheless, the audiences actively take part in the interpretation of media texts which is an essential process when media messages start meaning something to people who assign their own implication to the texts. Sometimes audiences can interpret the message in the same way as intended by the producers, but sometimes they construct meaning that is very different. People interpret media texts in all types of social settings. Therefore, media has become a significant part of the social life. Since audiences are active receivers of media texts, they can change media messages by collective action such as prohibition of certain media texts, campaigns that show audiences’ disapproval of media products, public writing of letters of complaint regarding media, foundation of independent media that criticize main media but also supply audiences with alternative perspectives. Audiences from different races, ethnicities, genders and social classes construct various interpretations of the same media message. So, media texts are characterized by polysemy, they have multiple meanings. According to John Fiske (1986) there is abundance of meaning embedded in the media texts. Therefore, media messages are structured in a way that enables people to make different readings and interpret them actively, not simply to accept the dominant interpretation. People have agency but there is no structure. However, people from different social backgrounds construct various interpretations of same media texts. Social statuses shape audience members’ viewpoints, interests and attitudes towards media. As a result, people must be aware of their agency- the opportunity to construct meaning- and of the social constraints as well. People often construct interpretation that is based on widely accepted norms, values and beliefs about the world around us. According to Stuart Hall’s encoding-decoding model messages are constructed on the basis of specific â€Å"codes†, encoded by the producers and decoded by the active audience. To decode the media texts, audiences have to know the basic medium conventions and cultural values. Since media messages draw on some taken-for-granted beliefs and cultural codes, the audience uses its knowledge about them to construct meaning and decode the media texts. This factor hinders us from being fully autonomist. Active audiences use media for diverse reasons and construct different interpretations but the big corporations will always be there to nudge us in certain directions. Fortunately, people like me will often refuse to accept the preferred meaning and develop oppositional reading and resistance, which are related to social action. Audiences’ oppositional decoding is part of the resistance to the traditional roles and rules. People are suppose to use media to relax, fantasize and escape from the social reality or solve some problems and live in harmony not to be subliminally attacked by producer beliefs. Some people experience ‘pleasure of resistance’ by making interpretations opposing to the dominant meanings. Overall there will always be a give and take between the media and the people, what we have to remember is we can have control over these media influence as long as we can take a step back and acknowledge their presence. How to cite Active Audiences the Construction of Meaning, Papers

Developing Skills in Counselling Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthe

Question: Discuss about the Developing Skills in Counselling. Answer: The present essay is attempting to evaluate numerous definitions of counseling and the fundamental skills to become a trained counselor. More precisely, the discourse has the aim to identify various perspectives and scholarly view regarding the premise of counseling. At the same time, it is the purpose of the paper to see what the five major skills are or abilities that should be possessed by an efficient counselor. The aim of evaluating the above mentioned aspects is required in order to understand whether in the above mentioned counseling session, the fundamental skills of counseling have been applied or not. Finally, the discourse will end up by identifying as well as assessing the particular limitations those the counselor has encountered in time of pursuing the counseling. Therefore, understandably the paper has two major concerns. One is to identify various definitions and chief skills of counseling and the second is to understand whether the skills have been properly applied i n the counseling session or not. In this context, it is to mention that the fundamental aspect of counseling relies on the provision of assistance in a professional level to resolve psychological issues (Moloney, 2016). The word counseling can be defined as a distinct application of mental health and principles of human development with the help of cognitive, systematic and effective intervention strategies to address mental wellness and personal growth. As per Tolan and Cameron (2016), counseling is a distinct way of assisting mentally troubled individuals to resolve various crisis associated with life through personal change, healing grief and developing the personal meaning. On the other hand, according to Meekums et al., (2016), counseling should be defined as a particular act of helping clients who are suffering from psychological complications. Therefore, in other words the definition of counseling can be put as a relationship of trust. Nevertheless, as defined by the Dictionary of counseling, counseling is a distinctly principled relationship that is characterized by the proper application of one or more than one psychological theory and at the same time a recognized set of skills of communic ation, which is modified by experience, various interpersonal factors, problems and the intimate concern of the clients. On the other hand, based on Van Deurzen and Adams (2016), the term counseling should be defined as a particular activity undertaken by the people who agree to occupy the position of a counselor. However, as argued by Fairclough (2016), the proper definition of counseling says that counseling is a service that is sought by people who are in distress and or in a degree of confusion and wish to discuss as well as resolve the issues through a confidential and disciplined relationship. In this respect, it is to mention that the practice of counseling is dealt with wellness, career, and personal growth and at the same time pathological concern. As defined by the BAC (British Association for Counseling), counseling is a principled utilization of a confidential relationship that is to make ease of emotional acceptance, optimal advancement of personal resources and self-knowledge (Lowe, 2016). It has been identified that various time counseling is defined by the aim of providing the opportuni ties to work towards living a more resourceful and satisfying life. However, the most well known definition of counseling is found to be the particular process takes place when a counselor with a mentally troubled individual set aside time for exploring various difficulties, which include stress and numerous emotions. Nevertheless, probably the most interesting percept regarding counseling is the concept that says the aspect of counseling is a wonderful invention of the twentieth-century. Following this particular percept, it can be said that counseling is cultural invention, which aids significant contribution to the standard of the lives of millions of individuals. Nonetheless, in the words of Bayne and Jangha (2016), a simple definition of counseling falls under the well known umbrella phrase of talking therapies, which says that the process of counseling makes a comfortable as well as confidential atmosphere where people can discuss their psychological and personal issues to a trained person. Henceforth, it can be said that there are different p erspectives of different scholars and institution about the predominant definition of counseling (Olsen, 2016). However, it is understandable from the above discussion that counseling is a process of giving mental support to people and sort out their psychological issues. In this context, it is required to mention that there is confusion between the definition of psychotherapy and counseling. According to Klonek et al., (2016), the definition of counseling is supported by the predominant aim of accepting assets as well as limitation in place of pursuing fundamental change in human personality. On the other hand, the definition of psychotherapy is a process of relieving a patient from distressful neurotic symptoms or discordant human characteristics those interfere the individuals satisfactory adaptation of the outside world. As mentioned in the inaugural part of the present discourse, the context is attempting to identify the predominant skills of a trained counselor. According to that, it has been identified that the basic skills that a properly trained and educated counselor should have are the skill of listening, showing empathetic response, ask questions, and make interpretations of them. According to DArcy Jr et al., (2016), the predominant skills, which every skilled counselor is required to possess are listening, attending, taking notes of the answers made by the clients and prior to that ask open-ended questions. However, as argued by McLeod (2016), a skilled counselor should have the ability to show genuine concern as well as positive and unconditional regard to the clients. More precisely, the five basic skills, which are required to be applied by every skilled counselor are empathy, listening and attending, asking open-ended questions and making proper interpretation, making self-disclosure a nd concrete communication (Almeida, 2016). The skill of empathy is to understand experience and situation of others. More precisely, the skill of empathy is to putting oneself into the condition of the others. In other words, it can be said that the role of empathy is to imagine a persons condition in a respectful manner and entering into the private world of another individual without making any judgment. The predominant symptoms of empathetic expression are open-mindedness, true commitment, accepting others opinions and imagination. As per Tolan and Cameron (2016), in order to achieve the proper ability of empathy, a person should have the capability of making verbal and non-verbal attending, making apt paraphrasing of the contents provided by the clients and reflecting upon the feelings of the clients. On the other hand, the skill of listening and attending the client is another major basic skill that is required from every skilled counselor. The skill of giving attention is to align oneself physically with the patient or the client, so the person feels that he/she is getting complete care from the counselor (Ratt et al., 2016). The requirement for applying the skills of attending is encouraging verbalizations, leaning forward, making eye contact and nods. However, the role of listening is to capture as well as perceive both formal and non-verbal communication of the client. Most significantly, in time of counseling an individual, it is a basic requirement to ask relevant open-ended questions related to the clients situation and thereafter to make proper summarization of the answers. The act of making open-ended question is essential for providing the client the opportunity to express thoughts and opinions (Goss, 2016). On the other hand, the notion of taking notes after asking questions is necessary for counselor as it helps in making proper evaluation of the answers to reach to a proper decision or solution. Nevertheless, one skill that most of the time is being overlooked is the skill of being concreteness. More precisely, the skill of concreteness is the ability to keep communications specific and focused on particular facts associated with the concerns. Nevertheless, as per Goss (2016), in terms of applying the ability of concreteness, a person should avoid making generalize comments and abstract discussions. The skill of concreteness demands some f unctions like assisting clients to identify the specific problem, reminding the patients about the tasks those are required to be pursued by them to get rid of a situation and suggesting the clients to clarify facts and feelings. Therefore, it can be said that the skills of listening and making question are related with the skill of concreteness as the accomplishment of the skills rely on the successful application of concreteness (Nadkarni et al., 2017). However, in this respect it is to mention that various times, in form of applying the skill of concrete communication, counselors required to concentrate on emphasizing on the process and the contents taken place in time of the session. The benefit of applying the skill of concreteness helps in elucidating the problem of the clients and at the same time foster the time solving procedure. The skill of making self-disclosure is an ability of an efficient counselor to share personal experiences with the patients, which would be related to the problem or situation of the client. The intention behind applying the skill is to help the client to find a positive way to avoid the consequences of the issue (Tolan Cameron, 2016). It is significant to contemplate in the context that the skill of making self-closure is considered as an advanced counseling skills and most of the time it is regarded as a challenging skill. However, from the above presented transcription, I can say that my way of applying the skill of making self-disclosure has been most satisfactory. It is my fortune that I have successfully applied the advanced counseling skill successfully. The transcription is indicative of the fact that my skill of sharing personal experiences regarding my childhood and adolescent time. I believe the application will prove fruitful in near future. On the other hand, I have understood from the transcription that I have properly showed my ability to listen and attend the patient, as it is evident from the clients expressions. However, according to my understanding and knowledge regarding the basic and advanced skills of counseling, it is unfortunate to mention here that the skill of taking notes and interpreting them properly has not been properly applied. The transcription says that I have efficiently listened to the problems of the student though did not successfully taken notes of the several sign ificant points. However, I believe that my listening ability had been effective as I can see that the student gradually started to feel more confident. On the other hand, it is fortunate to note down that it has been my continuous thrive to make the student comfortable through my expression of empathy. At the same time, most of my questions have been open-ended so that the client has the space to share his though properly. However, it is include at the final section of the discourse is that, there has been certain limitations without which; I believe the session could have been more successful. The first issue, which has bothered my session, is my own incompetence of not taking notes continuously. It is disappointing for a trained counselor like me to encounter an issue like such. Furthermore, I believe there has been the need to talk to Mikes parents though it would have been unethical for me to do so. It is because; I was bound to maintain the confidentiality. However, it has been a continuous issue for me to recommend anything to the client because various times, patients feel that their counselor imposes suggestions upon them. Therefore, I personally think twice before making suggestions for the client. Most significantly, I believe in time of making self disclosure, it has been difficult for me to decide whether my issues and experience should harm the client or not. Moreover, there has been the p ressure to decide how much of my experiences should be shared to the student client. Finally, I need to conclude that instead of the fact that I have started doing the counseling only after getting consent from the guardian, it has been difficult for me to get the permission specifically from the students father. However, instead of all these constraints, I believe my session has gone well. References Almeida, N. (2016). A short introduction to counselling. Bayne, H. B., Jangha, A. (2016). Utilizing Improvisation to Teach Empathy Skills in Counselor Education.Counselor Education and Supervision,55(4), 250-262. DArcy Jr, J. R., Stiles, W. B., Hanley, T. (2016). 2 The Online Calming Effect: Does the Internet Provide a More Comfortable Modality for Conducting Psychotherapy?.THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SOCIAL NETWORKING, 17. Fairclough, S. L. (2016).The effects of the Student Success Skills program on the behavioral and cognitive engagement of grade 5 Exceptional Student Education students(Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University). Goss, A. (2016).Attitudes of Support Workers in Learning Disability Services towards Counselling Psychology(Doctoral dissertation, City, University of London). Klonek, F. E., Wunderlich, E., Spurk, D., Kauffeld, S. (2016). Motivational interviewing meets career counseling: An observational study of verbal counselor skills and client ambivalence.Journal of Vocational Behavior,94, 28-38. Lowe, C. (2016).Measuring the self-perceived transformational leadership skills of school counselors: A comparison across settings(Doctoral dissertation, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA). McLeod, J. (2016).Using research in counselling and psychotherapy. Sage. Meekums, B., Macaskie, J., Kapur, T. (2016). Developing skills in counselling and psychotherapy: a scoping review of Interpersonal Process Recall and Reflecting Team methods in initial therapist training.British Journal of Guidance Counselling,44(5), 504-515. Moloney, L. (2016).Defining and delivering effective counselling and psychotherapy. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Nadkarni, A., Weobong, B., Weiss, H. A., McCambridge, J., Bhat, B., Katti, B., Wilson, G. T. (2017). Counselling for Alcohol Problems (CAP), a lay counsellor-delivered brief psychological treatment for harmful drinking in men, in primary care in India: a randomised controlled trial.The Lancet,389(10065), 186-195. Olsen, J. A. (2016).An examination of factors that relate to school counselors' knowledge and skills of multi-tiered systems of support(Doctoral dissertation, THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE). Ratt, J., Dubois, A., Caouette, L., Roussin, C., Goyer, L. (2016). A Haven for Suffering: Second Experiential Cooperative Research Study on the Foundations of Counselling and Psychotherapy.Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy/Revue canadienne de counseling et de psychothrapie,50(3s). Tolan, J., Cameron, R. (2016).Skills in Person-centred counselling psychotherapy. Sage. Tolan, J., Cameron, R. (2016).Skills in Person-centred counselling psychotherapy. Sage. Van Deurzen, E., Adams, M. (2016).Skills in existential counselling psychotherapy. Sage.